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  <titleInfo>
    <title>A European Army and Three Difficult Choices</title>
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    <namePart>Meijer, Karsten</namePart>
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    <namePart>Klein, Arjen</namePart>
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    <dateIssued>2025-03-06</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">J.D. Vance shocked Europe with his speech, signalling a diminishing sense of shared values between the U.S. and Europe. The last Friday’s press conference in Washington further confirmed that America’s commitment as the leader of the free world has disappeared. Consequently, for a "European army", the MSs will have to make three difficult decisions beyond the questions of legal feasibility under the Treaties. A complementary force involving willing MSs under intergovernmental decision-making appears the most realistic path for common territorial defence, while concerns regarding democratic decision-making remain.</abstract>
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