http://dx.doi.org/10.59704/2f7e652ef296cbd0 https://verfassungsblog.de/americas-right-to-kidnap/ America’s Right to Kidnap - What Alvarez-Machain Tells Us About Legal Dualism at the Border of Sovereignty Moreno, Carlos eng 2026-09-07 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Alvarez-Machain but United States v. Noriega Immunity Jurisdiction Ker v. Illinois Nicolás Maduro USA extradiction USA Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 On September 3, 2026, lawyers for Nicolás Maduro filed a motion asking a federal judge in Manhattan to dismiss the narco-terrorism indictment against him, arguing that a sitting head of state enjoys absolute immunity from the criminal jurisdiction of any court but his own. Yet the doctrinal groundwork for treating a foreign leader’s forcible removal as jurisdictionally unproblematic had already been laid, more than three decades earlier, in a case about a Mexican physician most people have never heard of.