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    <title>Artificial Constitutionalism? - Testing the Boundaries of Freedom of Speech in the Age of Generative AI</title>
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    <namePart>Lopes, Giovana</namePart>
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    <namePart>Bassini, Marco</namePart>
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    <publisher>Verfassungsblog</publisher>
    <dateIssued>2025-06-17</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming embedded in everyday life, serving functions that range from professional assistance to entertainment and even emotional support. As their popularity and adoption grow, so do the legal questions surrounding their use – especially when interactions with individuals result in harm. A crucial threshold issue in establishing the legal framework applicable to LLMs, including the responsibilities of their developers, is whether their outputs – often resembling human expression – can receive constitutional protection as “speech” The question is also key to determining the applicable legal regime, the liability of AI developers for such content, and its potential consequences for individuals.</abstract>
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  <note type="statement of responsibility">Lopes, Giovana</note>
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