Criminalization without Harm - Georgia’s Foreign Agent Law 3.0 Exposes the Structural Gaps of Criminal Law Theory and Article 7 ECHR Begadze, Mariam Author aut Papuashvili, Ana Author aut Text xx# 2026 Verfassungsblog 2026-04-08 eng
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 On March 4, 2026, the Georgian Parliament passed yet another wave of anti-democratic changes to the Law on Grants and the Criminal Code. The law now criminalizes political expression if individuals or civil society organizations receive foreign support without prior government authorization. Beyond clear violations of freedom of expression and association, the Georgian case reveals a structural gap in criminal law theory and practice – the lack of substantive limits on criminalization. At the same time, the Georgian case shows that this need not be so: at least two concrete rules against criminalization emerge from the Georgian case. CC BY-SA 4.0 Begadze, Mariam Art. 18 ECHR Art. 7 ECHR Criminal Law Criminal Legal Theory ECHR European Convention of Human Rights Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (1950 November 4) Foreign Agents Law Georgia Georgien Strafrechtstheorie legal theory Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (1950 November 4) Georgien Strafrechtstheorie 342 https://verfassungsblog.de/georgia-criminalization/ Verfassungsblog 2366-7044 Max Steinbeis Verfassungsblog gGmbH 10.59704/ad820ef9a5564bfc 260408 10.59704/ad820ef9a5564bfc Converted from MARCXML to MODS version 3.7 using MARC21slim2MODS3-7.xsl (Revision 1.140 20200717)