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http://dx.doi.org/10.17176/20210616-193402-0 https://verfassungsblog.de/holship/ The Demise of Viking and Laval - The Holship Ruling of the ECtHR and the Protection of Fundamental Rights in Europe Graver, Hans Petter eng 2021-06-16 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Collective Action Freedom of Association Holship Laval Viking Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 In Viking and Laval, the ECJ reduced the right of trade unions to take collective action and made it subject to the requirements of the four freedoms, effectively undermining its recognition as a fundamental right according to EU law. This sent shockwaves through the trade unions of Europe. In its recent Holship ruling, the ECtHR has challenged this, with potentially wide-reaching implications for the relationship between the human rights and EU fundamental freedoms, seen from the perspective of Strasbourg.