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http://dx.doi.org/10.59704/27eb47c0c3937101 https://verfassungsblog.de/in-the-name-of-primacy/ In the Name of Primacy - Opinion C-448/23 and the EU’s Existential Principle of Primacy Di Federico, Giacomo eng 2025-04-22 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Autonomy Case K3/21 and Case P 7/20 EU National constitutional identity Opinion of Advocate General Spielmann in Case C-448/23 Polen Primacy principle effectiveness uniform application EU Polen Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 In 1973, Pierre Pescatore noted that “[P]rimacy is an ‘existential requirement’ of EU law”. The Opinion of AG Spielmann in Case C-448/23 (Commission v. Poland), delivered on 11 March 2025, opens with this harsh observation. His difficult task is to frame in legal terms the two essentially political rulings delivered by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in 2021, where – notoriously – the “captured” domestic court refused to adhere to the most basic principles governing the relationship between national and EU law. This requires adjustments in the current vocabulary of the Luxembourg judges.