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http://dx.doi.org/10.59704/b7d367e6d1adb13c https://verfassungsblog.de/litigating-over-independent-media/ Litigating Over Independent Media - On the Direct Effect of the Right to Independent Media as Enshrined in the EMFA Nowicka, Zuzanna eng 2025-09-15 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 CJEU emfa european media freedom act Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 Since the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) fully entered into force on August 8, the key question is how far it can go in securing independent media. Beyond transparency rules and safeguards for editorial independence, Article 3 may establish a justiciable right to independent media – enabling individuals to challenge violations of media pluralism before national courts.