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http://dx.doi.org/10.59704/16a6f5838ba06570 https://verfassungsblog.de/ne-bis-in-idem-terrorists-spain/ Terrorists Cannot be Tried Twice - The CJEU Strengthens Terrorists’ Ne Bis in Idem Rights Schneider, Anne eng 2025-10-06 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Criminal Law MSIG case Ne bis in idem terrorist act Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 On September 11, 2025, the CJEU ruled that Spain cannot prosecute an ETA leader for terrorist acts after her prior conviction in France for related offenses activates the ne bis in idem principle. The Court emphasized that “same acts” are defined by materially identical conduct, regardless of differing legal classifications in Member States. This decision highlights the limits of parallel prosecutions under EU law, even in complex cross-border terrorism cases.