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  <titleInfo>
    <title>Putting an End to Minority Voter Disenfranchising in Hungary</title>
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    <namePart>Unger, Anna</namePart>
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    <publisher>Verfassungsblog</publisher>
    <dateIssued>2022-12-05</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">On 11 November, the European Court of Human Rights published its decision in a case initiated eight years ago, which found that the Hungarian parliamentary electoral system's regulations on the representation of national minorities in parliament violates the right to free elections (Article 3 of the 1st Protocol to the ECHR, Bakirdzi and E.C. v. Hungary). The plaintiffs claimed that the Electoral Act of 2011 was unlawful on three points: the secrecy of the vote, the real election and the preferential quota for minority representation. In its judgment, the Court found in favour of the applicants on all three points and ordered the Hungarian State to pay damages, putting an end to a decade-long violation of voting right. The following analysis is not primarily intended to provide a detailed description of the judgment itself, but to review the unlawful situation and the necessary actions resulting from the judgment.</abstract>
  <accessCondition type="use and reproduction">CC BY-SA 4.0</accessCondition>
  <note type="statement of responsibility">Unger, Anna</note>
  <subject>
    <topic>ECtHR</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>Election law</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject>
    <topic>Hungary</topic>
  </subject>
  <subject>
    <topic>minority rights</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>Representation</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>secrecy</topic>
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  <classification authority="ddc" edition="23">342</classification>
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    <identifier type="issn">2366-7044</identifier>
    <name>
      <namePart>Max Steinbeis Verfassungsblog gGmbH</namePart>
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  <identifier type="doi">10.17176/20221206-001634-0</identifier>
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