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    <title>Rethinking the Notion of the File - Access, Fair Hearing and Effective Remedies in the Age of Automation</title>
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    <namePart>Hofmann, Herwig C. H.</namePart>
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    <publisher>Verfassungsblog</publisher>
    <dateIssued>2025-12-04</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">As automated decision-making reshapes administrative procedures, long-standing guarantees like access to the file, the right to be heard, and effective judicial remedies risk losing their meaning. When AI systems collect, process and weigh information invisibly, individuals and courts cannot understand or contest how decisions are made. EU procedural law must rethink the very notion of “the file” to ensure traceability, human oversight, and genuine accountability.</abstract>
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  <note type="statement of responsibility">Hofmann, Herwig C. H.</note>
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