http://dx.doi.org/10.17176/20260421-173529-0 https://verfassungsblog.de/swastika-in-the-polish-parliament/ Swastika in the Polish Parliament - Robust Protection of Freedom of Speech Without Totalitarian Symbolism Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra eng 2026-04-21 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Freedom of Speech Gaza Militant Democracy Nazi symbol Poland Polen swastika Polen Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 In a recent incident in the Polish Parliament, an extreme right-wing MP, Konrad Berkowicz, displayed a modified Israeli flag bearing a swastika in place of the Star of David while accusing Israel of committing genocide. The ECHR protects severe criticism of governments, allegations of international crimes, and speech that “shocks, offends or disturbs”. Yet the question is whether the use of a Nazi symbol remains protected political expression in a constitutional order shaped by the legacy of Nazism and the Holocaust. In our view, it does not.