nam 22 uu 4500 10.17176/20260421-173529-0 DE-Verfassungsblog cr||||| 260421s2026||||xx#|||||o|||| ||| 0|eng|| 10.17176/20260421-173529-0 doi eng 342 23 Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika Author aut Swastika in the Polish Parliament - Robust Protection of Freedom of Speech Without Totalitarian Symbolism Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika Verfassungsblog 2026-04-21 Text txt rdacontent Computermedien c rdamedia Online-Ressource cr rdacarrier In a recent incident in the Polish Parliament, an extreme right-wing MP, Konrad Berkowicz, displayed a modified Israeli flag bearing a swastika in place of the Star of David while accusing Israel of committing genocide. The ECHR protects severe criticism of governments, allegations of international crimes, and speech that “shocks, offends or disturbs”. Yet the question is whether the use of a Nazi symbol remains protected political expression in a constitutional order shaped by the legacy of Nazism and the Holocaust. In our view, it does not. CC BY-SA 4.0 Freedom of Speech Gaza Militant Democracy Nazi symbol Poland Polen swastika (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd Polen Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra Author aut (orcid)0000-0002-0578-6669 Max Steinbeis Verfassungsblog gGmbH Verfassungsblog 2366-7044 https://verfassungsblog.de/swastika-in-the-polish-parliament/ raw object