Swastika in the Polish Parliament - Robust Protection of Freedom of Speech Without Totalitarian Symbolism Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika Author aut Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra Author aut (orcid)0000-0002-0578-6669 Text xx# 2026 Verfassungsblog 2026-04-21 eng
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 In a recent incident in the Polish Parliament, an extreme right-wing MP, Konrad Berkowicz, displayed a modified Israeli flag bearing a swastika in place of the Star of David while accusing Israel of committing genocide. The ECHR protects severe criticism of governments, allegations of international crimes, and speech that “shocks, offends or disturbs”. Yet the question is whether the use of a Nazi symbol remains protected political expression in a constitutional order shaped by the legacy of Nazism and the Holocaust. In our view, it does not. CC BY-SA 4.0 Bychawska-Siniarska, Dominika Freedom of Speech Gaza Militant Democracy Nazi symbol Poland Polen swastika Polen 342 https://verfassungsblog.de/swastika-in-the-polish-parliament/ Verfassungsblog 2366-7044 Max Steinbeis Verfassungsblog gGmbH 10.17176/20260421-173529-0 260421 10.17176/20260421-173529-0 Converted from MARCXML to MODS version 3.7 using MARC21slim2MODS3-7.xsl (Revision 1.140 20200717)