http://dx.doi.org/10.59704/9104423f885c8755 https://verfassungsblog.de/the-cjeu-versus-the-constitutional-tribunal-in-poland/ The CJEU Versus the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland - On the CJEU’s Judgment in Case C-448/23 (European Commission v. Republic of Poland) Sadurski, Wojciech eng 2025-12-20 electronic resource text/html ddc:342 Non-Regression Poland Polish Constitutional Tribunal Rule of Law Verfassungsblog Verfassungsblog--2366-7044 CC BY-SA 4.0 On 18 December 2025, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) handed down a momentous judgment, in which it found that the Constitutional Tribunal (CT) of Poland does not satisfy the requirements of an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. The Court also found that through the decisions of that Tribunal Poland had failed to fulfil its obligations under the Treaty of European Union, as well as under the general principles of autonomy, primacy, effectiveness and the uniform application of EU law.