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  <titleInfo>
    <title>It’s Not a Trap - How the ECtHR Rescued Undercover Integrity Testing</title>
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    <namePart>Hoppe, Tilman</namePart>
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    <publisher>Verfassungsblog</publisher>
    <dateIssued>2025-06-05</dateIssued>
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  <abstract displayLabel="Summary">Despite most countries having trouble getting rid of bribery in daily life, only few so far have dared integrity testing: sending out undercover testers disguised as ordinary citizens to contact the public administration and check which public employees ask for bribes. The main argument against such undercover tests has been that they constitute “entrapment”. However, in Cavca, the ECtHR finally dispels the myth that these tests in and of themselves equal entrapment. Yet, the decision leaves one key question unaddressed: Just when does integrity testing become entrapment?</abstract>
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  <note type="statement of responsibility">Hoppe, Tilman</note>
  <subject>
    <topic>Corruption</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>European Convention of Human Rights</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>European Court of Human Rights</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>Korruption</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>Moldau (Fürstentum)</topic>
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  <subject>
    <topic>Moldova</topic>
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    <topic>anti-corruption</topic>
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    <topic>Moldau (Fürstentum)</topic>
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