04 November 2015
The ECJ’s First Bitcoin Decision: Right Outcome, Wrong Reasons?
A few days ago, the Court of Justice of the European Union issued its first ever ruling on the digital currency known as Bitcoin. The case is likely to be only the opening salvo in the barrage of legal quandaries to come. It is the provenance of courts to pour new wine into old wine skins. Lawmakers, policymakers, and the academics who advise them, on the other hand, should start thinking long and hard about whether what we are dealing with is wine at all anymore. Continue reading >>
0
„Willkommenshaft“ oder freie Ausreisemöglichkeit? Zur Freiheitsentziehung in „Transitzonen“
Transitzonen für Flüchtlinge sind keine Freiheitsentziehung. Das behaupten ihre Befürworter und berufen sich auf ein 20 Jahre altes Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts. Doch ob sie damit Recht haben, ist äußerst fraglich. Continue reading >>01 November 2015
Jenseits von Dublin: zulässige Rückschiebungen in die Nachbarstaaten
Wie kann man in der Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Ländern mittelfristig wieder ein funktionierendes Asylsystem in Europa und darüber hinaus etablieren? Das ist die Königsfrage der derzeitigen Debatte um die Bewältigung der Flüchtlingskrise. Zwischenschritte hierzu könnten sein, das bilaterale Rückführungsabkommen mit Österreich zu reaktivieren oder sicherer Aufenthaltsorte auszuweiten und so im geltenden deutschen Recht die Verantwortung anderer Staaten zu betonen. Continue reading >>30 October 2015
Grenze auf, Grenze zu? Die transnationale Wirkung von Rechtsverstößen im Dublin-System
In der Flüchtlingskrise bedarf es einer europäischen Lösung. Die verbreitete Vorstellung, man könne Flüchtlinge an der deutschen Grenze massenhaft abweisen, erweist sich vor dem Hintergrund des europäischen Asylrechts als Irrglaube. Dieses beruht auf dem wechselseitigen Vertrauen darauf, dass alle Mitgliedstaaten die rechtlichen Vorgaben einhalten. Die Rechtsverstöße einiger gehen nun zulasten Deutschlands. Einen Ausweg aus diesem Dilemma wird man nicht an der nationalen Grenze finden. Continue reading >>29 October 2015
EuG-Urteil zur Ukraine: Scheitert die europäische Außenpolitik an den eigenen Ansprüchen?
In seinem neuesten Urteil vom 26. Oktober 2015 zum Einfrieren von Konten, auf denen veruntreute ukrainische Staatsgelder zu vermuten sind, unterwirft sich die europäische Justiz strengen Maßstäben. Obgleich es grundsätzlich wünschenswert ist, dass Eingriffe der EU in die Handlungsfreiräumer Einzelner so restriktiv wie möglich behandelt werden, scheint das Gericht der Europäischen Union (EuG) in diesem Fall die außenpolitische Handlungsfreiheit des Rates der Europäischen Union über Gebühr zu beschränken. Continue reading >>24 October 2015
VG Stuttgart: Europarecht bremst Grenzschützer
Die Bundespolizei darf im Grenzgebiet nicht verdachtsunabhängig Personen kontrollieren, um illegal Einreisende aufzuspüren. Die Regelung in § 23 Bundespolizeigesetz, die ihr im 30 km-Grenzgebiet jederzeit anlasslose Identitätsfeststellungen erlaubt, ist europarechtswidrig und daher unanwendbar. Das hat das Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart gestern entschieden (Az. 1 K 5060/13) – ein Urteil, das in diesen Zeiten europaweiter Diskussionen um Grenzzäune und Transitzonen noch für Wirbel sorgen dürfte. Continue reading >>The Delvigne judgment and the European franchise: going boldly… but perhaps not boldly enough
In it's recent "Delvigne" decision, the Court took a rather bold stance on the material scope of the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at elections to the European Parliament. I will however also argue that, in some respect, this stance was not bold enough. Continue reading >>
0
Meeting Albie Sachs: From Outlaw to Constitution Maker
Albie Sachs was nearly killed during his fight against apartheid in South Africa. After the fall of the regime, he became a judge at the Constitutional Court and one of the most influencial and inspirational figures in global constitutional law. A very personal encounter with a man of unlimited hope for human equality. Continue reading >>
0
14 October 2015
Transitzonen für Flüchtlinge im Dublin-System?
Um eine Überforderung von Behörden und Zivilgesellschaft in der Flüchtlingskrise abzuwenden, schlagen manche so genannte Transitzonen an den deutschen Außengrenzen vor. Abgesehen von der Frage, wie dies ins Dublin-System passt – wer sich die jüngsten Äußerungen aus der CSU dazu genauer ansieht, der kann erahnen, wohin die Reise eigentlich gehen soll: Die Transitzonen sind der Versuch, das Konzept der bayerischen Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen für Asylbewerber vom Balkan bundesweit als Standard zu etablieren – nur mit Stacheldraht abgeriegelt und vom Bund bezahlt. Und ob das mit europäischen Grundrechtsstandards vereinbar ist, wird womöglich bald der EuGH zu klären haben. Continue reading >>13 October 2015
Verfassungsreform in Italien: der entscheidende Schritt
Italien erlebt gerade den umfangreichsten und ambitioniertesten Prozess zur Reform seiner Verfassung seit Beginn der Republik. Die Regierung beabsichtigt, das schwerfällige, träge und ineffiziente Gesetzgebungssystem fundamental zu reformieren. Der Senat wird zu einer Kammer der Regionen mit sehr schwachen gesetzgeberischen Kompetenzen umfunktioniert. Das kurzfristige Ziel scheint aber im Moment eher zu sein, ein Zeichen der Reformbereitschaft zu setzen, als dem Land eine gut durchdachte und funktionierende neue Verfassung zu schenken. Continue reading >>07 October 2015
Cameron’s bid for irreversible guarantee means constitutional chaos
The UK Conservative government’s attempt to renegotiate the UK’s terms of membership of the European Union continues to distress Britain’s pro-Europeans, antagonise its anti-Europeans and bamboozle its EU partners. Continue reading >>
0
Cameron’s bid for irreversible guarantee means constitutional chaos
The UK Conservative government’s attempt to renegotiate the UK’s terms of membership of the European Union continues to distress Britain’s pro-Europeans, antagonise its anti-Europeans and bamboozle its EU partners. Continue reading >>
0
The ‘Brexit’ Referendum: We Need to Talk about the (General Election) Franchise
The franchise for the ,Brexit' referendum will mostly follow eligibility for voting in a UK general election. This invites serious reflection on the anomalies of the current general election franchise in the UK: Citizens living abroad are not allowed to vote, and neither are EU citizens from other countries – unless they are Irish, Cypriots or Maltese who are enfranchised as citizens of member states of the Commonwealth. Could this be challenged under EU or ECHR law? Continue reading >>
0
The ‘Brexit’ Referendum: We Need to Talk about the (General Election) Franchise
The franchise for the ,Brexit' referendum will mostly follow eligibility for voting in a UK general election. This invites serious reflection on the anomalies of the current general election franchise in the UK: Citizens living abroad are not allowed to vote, and neither are EU citizens from other countries – unless they are Irish, Cypriots or Maltese who are enfranchised as citizens of member states of the Commonwealth. Could this be challenged under EU or ECHR law? Continue reading >>
0
01 October 2015
Russisches Eingreifen in Syrien: Eine Frage der Anerkennung
In Syrien geht es immer mehr ans Eingemachte. Die ersten russischen Luftangriffe wurden bereits geflogen, der dortige Krieg ist somit nun auch formell um eine Konfliktpartei reicher. Obendrein richteten sich diese laut den USA nicht gegen den Islamischen Staat, sondern von der CIA ausgebildete Gruppen – der Frieden scheint ferner denn je. Wie ist es völkerrechtlich um die Legalität der russischen Intervention bestellt? Continue reading >>
0
30 September 2015
“The key to the solution lies in Spain, not in Catalonia”
Why did the territorial conflict between separatist Catalonia and the Spanish central government escalate so badly? What is at stake in a country historically ridden by civil war and separatist terrorism? What needs to be done to resolve the conflict, and by whom? In an interview with Verfassungsblog, Benito Aláez Corral, constitutional law professor from Oviedo, explains how the Spanish constitution needs to be amended to satisfy the demand for national self-determination in Catalonia and maintain the constitutional integrity of Spain. Continue reading >>
0
“The key to the solution lies in Spain, not in Catalonia”
Why did the territorial conflict between separatist Catalonia and the Spanish central government escalate so badly? What is at stake in a country historically ridden by civil war and separatist terrorism? What needs to be done to resolve the conflict, and by whom? In an interview with Verfassungsblog, Benito Aláez Corral, constitutional law professor from Oviedo, explains how the Spanish constitution needs to be amended to satisfy the demand for national self-determination in Catalonia and maintain the constitutional integrity of Spain. Continue reading >>
0
29 September 2015
The Proposed TTIP Tribunal and the Court of Justice: What Limits to Investor-State Dispute Settlement under EU Constitutional Law?
In its controversial Opinion 2/13, the European Court of Justice has rejected the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights. The constitutional hurdles the CJEU has erected in this opinion are not only relevant in the area of human rights, but also require us to think hard about the EU constitutionality of the suggested TTIP Tribunal, or any other mechanism of investor-state dispute settlement under future EU international investment agreements. To reduce this uncertainty it may be advisable to request the CJEU through an advisory opinion. Continue reading >>
0
The Proposed TTIP Tribunal and the Court of Justice: What Limits to Investor-State Dispute Settlement under EU Constitutional Law?
In its controversial Opinion 2/13, the European Court of Justice has rejected the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights. The constitutional hurdles the CJEU has erected in this opinion are not only relevant in the area of human rights, but also require us to think hard about the EU constitutionality of the suggested TTIP Tribunal, or any other mechanism of investor-state dispute settlement under future EU international investment agreements. To reduce this uncertainty it may be advisable to request the CJEU through an advisory opinion. Continue reading >>
0
26 September 2015
Judging Fears in Refugee Crisis
The current refugee crisis in the heart of Europe recalls the crucial contrast between rational worry and phobia. The historic decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Schwimmer may help us understand the nature of fear in constitutional theory and practice. Continue reading >>
0
Judging Fears in Refugee Crisis
The current refugee crisis in the heart of Europe recalls the crucial contrast between rational worry and phobia. The historic decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Schwimmer may help us understand the nature of fear in constitutional theory and practice. Continue reading >>
0
25 September 2015
Wenn das Kind im Brunnen liegt: Ex-post-facto-Kontrolle des Bundestags beim Einsatz bewaffneter Streitkräfte
Eine nachträgliche konstitutive Zustimmung des Parlaments zu einem bewaffneten Einsatz der Bundeswehr ist nach Beendigung des Einsatzes verfassungsrechtlich nicht geboten – so das BVerfG in seinem Urteil vom 23.09.2015. Einerseits verdient seine Entscheidung Applaus: Das BVerfG präzisiert die Vorgaben, die es in vergangenen Urteilen (Out-of-Area-Einsätze/Luftraumüberwachung durch AWACS-Flugzeuge) aufstellte, und behält seine parlamentsfreundliche Tendenz bei: Die Bundeswehr ist ein „Parlamentsheer“. Andererseits schränkt es diese Wertung gerade dadurch ein, dass die Exekutive den Bundestag nach Beendigung eines Einsatzes nicht mehr zu befassen hat: Im Vorfeld und während eines Einsatzes ist das Parlament „Macher“, nach dessen Abschluss bloßer Informationsempfänger. Ein klarer Wertungswiderspruch. Continue reading >>24 September 2015
Regulatory Cooperation under TTIP: Democracy on this Side of the Bridge
A week ago, the EU Commission announced that investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) will no longer be part of its proposals on TTIP. This was the Commission’s response to public contestation and fears that such a mechanism could place unjustified constraints on democratic institutions and on the capacity of states and of the EU to preserve their regulatory autonomy. The change announced by the Commission may be a step in the right direction. But there are other reasons of concern in the current Commission proposals, which have been overshadowed by the discussion on ISDS. Once the agreement is in place, how will decisions be made on the differences between EU and US regulation that could be usefully overcome? On which technical requirements are unnecessarily duplicated? On which standards should remain in place because they contend with health safety in a way that would not be compatible with EU standards? On which areas are too distinct to justify attempts at mutual recognition? Such issues will be decided, in a first instance, via regulatory cooperation between the EU and the US. Thus far there has been little debate on this chapter of TTIP. Yet, regulatory cooperation may remove decision-making further away from parliamentary oversight and impact on existing institutional balances in the EU. Continue reading >>
0
Regulatory Cooperation under TTIP: Democracy on this Side of the Bridge
A week ago, the EU Commission announced that investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) will no longer be part of its proposals on TTIP. This was the Commission’s response to public contestation and fears that such a mechanism could place unjustified constraints on democratic institutions and on the capacity of states and of the EU to preserve their regulatory autonomy. The change announced by the Commission may be a step in the right direction. But there are other reasons of concern in the current Commission proposals, which have been overshadowed by the discussion on ISDS. Once the agreement is in place, how will decisions be made on the differences between EU and US regulation that could be usefully overcome? On which technical requirements are unnecessarily duplicated? On which standards should remain in place because they contend with health safety in a way that would not be compatible with EU standards? On which areas are too distinct to justify attempts at mutual recognition? Such issues will be decided, in a first instance, via regulatory cooperation between the EU and the US. Thus far there has been little debate on this chapter of TTIP. Yet, regulatory cooperation may remove decision-making further away from parliamentary oversight and impact on existing institutional balances in the EU. Continue reading >>
0
23 September 2015
Mehr als nur Formalien: zur Vermittlungsausschuss-Entscheidung des BVerfG
Das Grundgesetz formalisiert den Vorgang der Gesetzgebung. Es pocht auf Gleichheit, Pluralismus, Inklusivität und inhaltliche Offenheit, verpflichtet zu Öffentlichkeit und politischer Verantwortlichkeit, zur Repräsentanz der Opposition und gewährt den Abgeordneten grundsätzlich gleiche Teilhaberechte. Das macht den politischen Prozess schwerfällig und hat für die handelnden Akteure Transaktionskosten. Die Formalisierung des Gesetzgebungsprozesses begrenzt entlang legitimatorischer Erwägungen die legislative Handlungsfähigkeit. Deswegen sind informale politische Prozesse, die außerhalb des verfassungsrechtlichen Gesetzgebungsverfahrens stattfinden, wichtig: Von den Beteiligten organisierte Praktiken tragen zur Funktionsfähigkeit des demokratischen Verfahrens bei, indem sie mehrheitsfähige legislative Politiken finden. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die gestrige Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in Sachen Vermittlungsausschuss von besonderem Interesse. Wie eng – so die zu entscheidende Frage – ist der Vermittlungsausschuss von Bundestag und Bundesrat an diese vermeintlichen Formalien gebunden, wenn er seine Arbeit möglichst effizient zu organisieren versucht? Continue reading >>
0
Where do we stand on the reform of the EU’s Court System? On a reform as short-sighted as the attempts to force through its adoption
Last October, the CJEU has proposed to double the number of judges at the General Court to help tackling its growing workload. The legislative process this proposal is currently undergoing appears to be marred by a pattern of procedural irregularities whose only aim seems to be the speedy adoption of the reform and – more troublingly – may also be construed as a joint advocacy strategy designed to systematically eliminate any opportunity for a public, well informed and evidence-based debate. Should this reform go through (as it appears likely), damaging evidence might yet come to light and the authority and legitimacy of relevant EU institutions will be further undermined at a time where they have little to spare. Continue reading >>
0
Where do we stand on the reform of the EU’s Court System? On a reform as short-sighted as the attempts to force through its adoption
Last October, the CJEU has proposed to double the number of judges at the General Court to help tackling its growing workload. The legislative process this proposal is currently undergoing appears to be marred by a pattern of procedural irregularities whose only aim seems to be the speedy adoption of the reform and – more troublingly – may also be construed as a joint advocacy strategy designed to systematically eliminate any opportunity for a public, well informed and evidence-based debate. Should this reform go through (as it appears likely), damaging evidence might yet come to light and the authority and legitimacy of relevant EU institutions will be further undermined at a time where they have little to spare. Continue reading >>
0