50 Years On: Ireland and the UK In and Out of the EU
2023 marks the 50th anniversary of Ireland and the UK's accession to the now European Union, and three years since the UK withdrew from it. This symposium reflects on the constitutional evolution brought about by EU membership and Brexit. Following nearly fifty years of convergence and integration, commentators interrogate the meaning and nature of EU membership in a current and former member state, reflecting on common questions including sovereignty, constitutional identity, and the protection of rights.
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Volume 4,Issue 3
October 2022
JUS COGENS
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Constitutionalism and Covid-19: Broadening the Lens
ALAIN ZYSSET & NEUS VIDAL-MARTI
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Toward a Dignity-Based Account of International law
ERIC SCARFFE
AND MORE ARTICLES…
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Limitations of the Transnational ne bis in idem Principle in EU Law
No-one shall be tried or punished twice for the same offence. This principle is part of the fundamental law protection in the EU, but can be limited under certain conditions. In Case C-365/21, decided on 23 March 2023, the ECJ has confirmed the validity of an important limitation of the transnational ne bis in idem guarantee. Another case which arose in the context of the Diesel scandal involving German automobile producer Volkswagen and is still pending before the European Court of Justice gives the Court a new opportunity to set new standards regarding limitations of the ne bis in idem principle in cases involving different Member States and to strengthen this principle which is of great importance for the completion of a genuine area of freedom, security and justice.
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Constitutional? Perhaps. Democratic? Not so much
The adoption of the Law on Retirement without a majority in the National Assembly has caused a huge uproar in France. The use by the executive of an article or two of the Constitution, as well as the combination thereof, is deemed constitutional until a competent organ says otherwise. And the only one who could, the Constitutional Council, will probably not say otherwise. But even if something is constitutional, that does not make it democratic. A look into the justifications given by the head of State and the head of Government stirs reflection on the relationship between the constitutional and democratic character of the proceedings.
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The Quality of Sovereignty
It can generally be agreed that the purpose of sovereignty is to enable a government to protect the best interests of its citizens. To what extent did UK membership of the EU preclude this? In the context of the EU, the discussion on sovereignty tends to focus on quantity – the greater the scope of action of the EU and its institutions, the lower the sovereignty of the member states. From this perspective, sovereignty is a zero-sum affair – less means less. However, sovereignty can also be assessed from a qualitative perspective, with a focus on its quality, or character, rather than its scope.
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Antisemitische Werke: Kunst oder Nichtkunst?
Antisemitismus ist in Deutschland kein Phänomen der Vergangenheit, sondern allgegenwärtig. So auch in der Kunst, wie die Ereignisse um die documenta fifteen im Sommer 2022 eindrücklich gezeigt haben. Aus rechtlicher Perspektive stellt sich dabei insbesondere die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Antisemitismus und verfassungsrechtlich gewährleisteter Kunstfreiheit. Ist antisemitische Kunst noch Kunst?
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Nation ist auch im Wahlrecht kein Muss
Über die jüngst verabschiedete Reform des Wahlrechts für den Bundestag wurde bereits viel Tinte vergossen. Ein Argument aber, das sowohl in der Bundestagsdebatte als auch in der Öffentlichkeit oft wiederholt wurde und wohl den in den novellierten Gesetzesvorschriften zum Ausdruck kommenden objektivierten Willen des Gesetzgebers ergibt, darf nicht unkommentiert bleiben: Das Argument, dass die nationale Dimension allein aussagekräftig für den politischen Wettbewerb sei und deswegen auch territorial konzentrierte Parteien mit nationalem Messstab zu messen seien.
Continue reading >>Entgleisung des Bundesrechnungshofs
In seinem Sonderbericht vom 15. März übte der Bundesrechnungshof vernichtende Kritik an der Deutschen Bahn, die die Presse in der vergangenen Woche dazu veranlasste, von der Notwendigkeit einer „Zerschlagung“ der Bahn zu sprechen. Zerschlagung meint in diesem Falle jedoch weniger eine Restrukturierung als solches, sondern als vor allem eines: Privatisierung. Der Bundesrechnungshof bewegt sich damit auf einem schmalen Grat zwischen ökonomischer Evaluation und politischer Intervention. Die Schlussfolgerungen erscheinen allerdings keinesfalls notwendig und in Anbetracht des institutionellen Mandats des Bundesrechnungshofs diskussionswürdig.
Continue reading >>Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist
Der Bundestag hat die Grammatik der Macht umgeschrieben. Mit der Änderung des Bundeswahlrechts wollte das Parlament zur gesetzlichen Regelgröße zurückkehren und den „Grundcharakter“ der Verhältniswahl konsequent in der Praxis umsetzen. Was die Reformfähigkeit der Politik belegen und für manche Beobachter ein endgültiger Abschied von der alten Bundesrepublik sein sollte, ist spätestens mit der beschlossenen Gesetzesfassung zu einem ernsten Verfassungsrechtsproblem geworden.
Continue reading >>Political Advertising and Disinformation
Over a year ago, the European Commission presented its Proposal for a Regulation on the transparency and targeting of political advertising (COM(2021) 731 final). Recently, the Council presented its General Approach, followed by the position of the European Parliament (EP). While stakeholders are waiting for the trilogue negotiations to shape the final text of the legislation, critical voices are raising concerns. Concerns are that under the future regulation online platforms might have to de-amplify such independent content
Continue reading >>A New York Moment for the Oceans to join the Paris Moment for the Climate?
The recently concluded Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction has been described as the 'New York Moment' for the oceans, to join the 'Paris Moment' for the climate. The Paris Agreement was considered to be such a moment, in part, because it constituted a significant paradigm shift in international environmental law, institutionally as well as substantively. The current draft of the BBNJ arguably contains a paradigm shift of comparable significance for the law of the sea in at least three respects.
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Peaceful and Neutral Games
In a statement issued on March 17, 2023, the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) advocated to uphold the current exclusion of Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from international competitions. In light of the upcoming Olympic Games in Paris 2024 this topic is currently of great concern to the international sports world. From a human rights perspective, I agree with the core of the DOSB position: the exclusion serves the aims of protecting the rights of Ukrainian athletes and of preventing sporting events from being instrumentalised for war propaganda. These are legitimate reasons for the unequal treatment of Russian athletes.
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An Interactive Relationship
In reflections on fifty years of membership, the employment of women is often identified as a tangible example of how membership changed Ireland. Concretely, in the years immediately following accession, the state was required to enact legislation on equal pay and equal treatment for women and men in employment. This narrative tends to place emphasis on EU law as a cause of law reform in Ireland. 50 years on, both Irish and EU equality law have expanded significantly.
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Constitutional Identity, Ireland and the EU
Costello v. Government of Ireland and others is one of the most significant recent Irish Supreme Court rulings concerning EU law. The case involved a member of parliament seeking to restrain the Irish government from ratifying the 2014 EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) on grounds of alleged unconstitutionality. Costello’s most long-lasting impact is likely to be its introduction of the concept of constitutional identity into Irish constitutional jurisprudence.
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Big Brother is Watching the Olympic Games – and Everything Else in Public Spaces
The French National Assembly is currently debating the law on the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Despite its name, the law has more to do with security than with sports. In particular, Article 7 of the law creates a legal basis for algorithmic video surveillance, that is, video surveillance that relies on artificial intelligence to treat the images and audio of video surveillance cameras in order to identify human beings, objects, or specific situations. In other words, video surveillance cameras in France’s public spaces would now able to identify you and detect if your behaviour is suspicious.
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Notrecht am Limit
Die am 19. März 2023 bekannt gegebene Übernahme der Credit Suisse AG («CS») durch die UBS AG und die diesbezüglich im Eiltempo erlassenen Massnahmen und Rechtsakte eröffnen eine Flut von juristischen Streitfragen. Bei der Suche nach Antworten auf diese Probleme wird man schnell auf den Dreh- und Angelpunkt der ganzen Operation stossen: Die bundesrätliche «CS-Notverordnung»? Dass Fragen dieser Tragweite durch exekutive ad-hoc Beschlüsse und nicht durch im vornherein klar in formellen Gesetzen etablierten Prinzipien beantwortet werden, wirft tiefgreifende Probleme bezüglich der Vereinbarung dieser Notrechtsbestimmungen mit der Gewaltentrennung und der Rechtsstaatlichkeit auf.
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Bemerkenswerte Haftbefehle aus Den Haag
Die Haftbefehle des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs in Den Haag vom Ende letzter Woche haben schnell die Runde gemacht und sind weltweit als Eilmeldung verbreitet worden. Auch in der deutschen Presselandschaft sind die Haftbefehle gegen den russischen Staatspräsidenten sowie seine Kinderrechtsbeauftragte bewertet worden. Einige bemerkenswerte Aspekte der Entscheidung, die bislang keine Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, sollen hier beleuchtet werden.
Continue reading >>Vom Chancentod zur Chance: Ein wahlrechtlicher Vorschlag zur Güte
Durch den Wegfall der Grundmandatsklausel rückt aber die 5%-Klausel wieder in den verfassungsrechtlichen Fokus. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat seine Maßstäbe hierzu verschärft, und diese Maßstäbe wird es auch an die im veränderten Kontext des neuen Verhältniswahlrechts stehende 5%-Klausel anlegen. Ob sie ihnen standhalten wird, lässt sich kaum verlässlich prognostizieren. Für die politische Kultur wäre es aber am besten, wenn es gar nicht erst zu einer Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts kommen müsste.
Continue reading >>The Janus Face of Fetal Citizenship: A Tool of Inclusion or a Threat to Abortion Rights?
Should citizenship status be conferred upon an unborn child? In a 2022 landmark decision, Pranav Srinivasan v. Union of India, the Madras High Court answered this question in the affirmative. Srinivasan had not been born yet when his parents, with his mother being in the third trimester of her pregnancy, gave up their Indian for Singaporean citizenship. Now an adult and ostensibly to avoid the mandatory conscription for Singaporean citizens, Srinivasan sought to avail himself of a statutory right to reclaim his Indian citizenship, pursuant to section 8(2) of the Citizenship Act 1955. While the Court's ruling in Srinivasan's favour should be applauded for its inclusionary ethos, it threatens to undermine India's progressive abortion jurisprudence. A provision of the 1956 Hindu Succession Act might provide a solution to this conflict.
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Post-Brexit Sovereignty
In thinking about sovereignty within the United Kingdom, it is helpful to separate out two ways in which sovereignty has historically been identified in both the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Sovereignty is, first, a power over others, most notably absolute and final authority over a territory. If this allows those holding it to achieve considerable things, it also generates apprehension as it allows them to do many things to others. Sovereignty is, secondly, a constitutive power.
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