01 July 2015
Transplanting the Law of Policing? – Comparative Legal Reflections on a Symposium with Barry Friedman
Can the law of policing (Polizeirecht) be transplanted? Comparative views on this particular field of law are rare. Nevertheless, I will argue that are good reasons to approach this field with a comparative, if not transnational lens. Analyzing law from a comparative perspective almost always means digging for principles. This entails questions such as these: What is “policing”? Does “policing” require legislation? What follows for the law of policing from general constitutional principles? Continue reading >>
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Transplanting the Law of Policing? – Comparative Legal Reflections on a Symposium with Barry Friedman
Can the law of policing (Polizeirecht) be transplanted? Comparative views on this particular field of law are rare. Nevertheless, I will argue that are good reasons to approach this field with a comparative, if not transnational lens. Analyzing law from a comparative perspective almost always means digging for principles. This entails questions such as these: What is “policing”? Does “policing” require legislation? What follows for the law of policing from general constitutional principles? Continue reading >>
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28 June 2015
Democratic Russian Roulette
It is inevitable to speak about Greece today. There is a generalized feeling of astonishment about the Greek government’s decision to hold a referendum on the Eurogroup’s second-to-last offer laid down on Thursday. The astonishment has basically two strands: some say it is economic and political suicide for Greece; some say it is the most dignified way out for the Greek people (and its government). I am personally not astonished. I am enraged. Continue reading >>
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Democratic Russian Roulette
It is inevitable to speak about Greece today. There is a generalized feeling of astonishment about the Greek government’s decision to hold a referendum on the Eurogroup’s second-to-last offer laid down on Thursday. The astonishment has basically two strands: some say it is economic and political suicide for Greece; some say it is the most dignified way out for the Greek people (and its government). I am personally not astonished. I am enraged. Continue reading >>26 June 2015
Lustration in Ukraine: Political Cleansing or a Tool of Revenge?
To tackle corruption and disloyalty the Ukrainian government has proposed a law on government cleansing which is also known as the lustration law. This draft law has recently been examined by the Venice Commission resulting in the opinion adopted on 20 June 2015. Despite the opinion been quite critical the Ukrainian government was quick to announce that the Venice Commission has confirmed that the law in question does not violate any international human rights standards or any of the resolutions of the Council of Europe. The announcement also states that the Venice Commission suggested some technical amendments to the draft law which will be taken into account by the Ukrainian authorities. This statement however does not really reflect what the Venice Commission has observed in its opinion. Continue reading >>
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Lustration in Ukraine: Political Cleansing or a Tool of Revenge?
To tackle corruption and disloyalty the Ukrainian government has proposed a law on government cleansing which is also known as the lustration law. This draft law has recently been examined by the Venice Commission resulting in the opinion adopted on 20 June 2015. Despite the opinion been quite critical the Ukrainian government was quick to announce that the Venice Commission has confirmed that the law in question does not violate any international human rights standards or any of the resolutions of the Council of Europe. The announcement also states that the Venice Commission suggested some technical amendments to the draft law which will be taken into account by the Ukrainian authorities. This statement however does not really reflect what the Venice Commission has observed in its opinion. Continue reading >>
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23 June 2015
Abortion Inside Swedish Democracy: the case of Ellinor Grimmark
Sweden prides itself on being one of the most “modern” nations, able to function more effectively than others and skilled in taking care of all of its citizens. The concept of freedom features prominently in Swedish political and social self-conceptions. It has been, therefore, rather startling to find the case of Ellinor Grimmark, a Swedish midwife who has unsuccessfully attempted to assert her right of conscientious objection to performing abortions. Continue reading >>Abortion Inside Swedish Democracy: the case of Ellinor Grimmark
Sweden prides itself on being one of the most “modern” nations, able to function more effectively than others and skilled in taking care of all of its citizens. The concept of freedom features prominently in Swedish political and social self-conceptions. It has been, therefore, rather startling to find the case of Ellinor Grimmark, a Swedish midwife who has unsuccessfully attempted to assert her right of conscientious objection to performing abortions. Continue reading >>21 June 2015
Der Supreme Court, die Bilder – und die Binde der Justitia
Zu den möglichen Zugängen zum Verfassungsrecht gehören auch die Bilder als Medien des Verfassungsrechts. Zwei Supreme Court-Entscheidungen von letzter Woche nehmen Bilder sogar direkt mit in ihre Anhänge auf. Sie zeigen die Chancen, aber auch die Tücken einer Nutzung dieses Mediums als Bestandteil gerichtlicher Entscheidungsbegründungen. Continue reading >>
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19 June 2015
Delfi v. Estonia: Privacy Protection and Chilling Effect
In its decision Delfi v. Estonia, the ECHR Grand Chamber continues the trend to increase the protections afforded to rights of reputation and privacy generally (and possibly to increase the controls available for grossly unacceptably speech) as a bulwark against the enhanced possibilities for the exercise of freedom of expression de facto provided by the internet. Continue reading >>
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Delfi v. Estonia: Privacy Protection and Chilling Effect
In its decision Delfi v. Estonia, the ECHR Grand Chamber continues the trend to increase the protections afforded to rights of reputation and privacy generally (and possibly to increase the controls available for grossly unacceptably speech) as a bulwark against the enhanced possibilities for the exercise of freedom of expression de facto provided by the internet. Continue reading >>
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Zyed et Bouna: Un verdict sociologique
Si la décision de relaxe définitive prononcée par le Tribunal correctionnel de Rennes à l’égard des deux policiers poursuivis dans le cadre de la mort en octobre 2005 de Zyed Benna et Bouna Traoré a soulevé une telle émotion, c’est qu’elle est lucide, au lieu d’être juste. Par maints aspects, la justice condamne la police. Mais affirme du même coup son impuissance à la juger. Eclairages sur un paradoxe amer. Continue reading >>
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Richter als Soziologen, Soziologie als Entschuldigung
Am 18. Mai 2015 hat das Strafgericht in Rennes zwei Polizisten freigesprochen, die im Zusammenhang der Vorgänge von Clichy-sous-Bois angeklagt waren. Damit wurde ein strafrechtlicher Schlussstrich unter ein Ereignis gesetzt, das vor zehn Jahren, im Herbst 2005, zu den größten städtischen Unruhen Europas geführt hatte. Das Urteil steckt voller scharfsinniger Beobachtungen zur Soziologie der Polizei in Frankreich. Die Richter sind jedoch mit ihrer Verdichtung eines halben Jahrhunderts von Polizeisoziologie nicht darauf aus, Punkte in den Sozialwissenschaften zu machen. Es geht ihnen vielmehr darum, Verantwortung zu relativieren. Continue reading >>18 June 2015
Ökonomenstreit produziert Juristenstreit: zum OMT-Verfahren zwischen EuGH und BVerfG
Stellt man die Vorabentscheidung des EuGH dem Vorlageersuchen des BVerfG gegenüber, wird deutlich, dass die materielle Kollision auf einem Import gegensätzlicher Ansichten aus der Ökonomie beruht und die Auseinandersetzung in der Sprache des Rechts juristisch fortgesetzt wird. Das BVerfG hat sich einer Fallhöhe ausgesetzt, die einen gesichtswahrenden Rückzug als dritte Möglichkeit neben der Aktivierung der Verfassungsvorbehalte oder der Akzeptanz der gegebenen Auslegung durch den EuGH unwahrscheinlich macht. Continue reading >>
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Mutually Assured Discretion: The ECJ on the ECB’s OMT Policy
In a political and economic perspective, the recent ECJ judgment on the OMT program is not more than a footnote, a short sideshow in a seemingly never-ending sequel of another dimension. Legally, however, I find the case quite remarkable. Unlike its Advocate General, the ECJ did not yield to the temptation to respond in kind to the FCC’s provocations. In particular, it avoids the issue of domestic vs. European constitutional identity that juxtaposed the FCC and the Advocate General. Instead, the ECJ has shown political responsibility and legal foresight in framing what could become a masterpiece of truly cooperative, other-regarding constitutional pluralism. Continue reading >>
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Mutually Assured Discretion: The ECJ on the ECB’s OMT Policy
In a political and economic perspective, the recent ECJ judgment on the OMT program is not more than a footnote, a short sideshow in a seemingly never-ending sequel of another dimension. Legally, however, I find the case quite remarkable. Unlike its Advocate General, the ECJ did not yield to the temptation to respond in kind to the FCC’s provocations. In particular, it avoids the issue of domestic vs. European constitutional identity that juxtaposed the FCC and the Advocate General. Instead, the ECJ has shown political responsibility and legal foresight in framing what could become a masterpiece of truly cooperative, other-regarding constitutional pluralism. Continue reading >>
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17 June 2015
Das OMT-Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofs: Fünf Beobachtungen
Nüchtern im Ton, nachvollziehbar in der Sache hat der EuGH die Vorlagefragen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum Anleihenkauf durch die EZB beantwortet. Wenn die Antwort anders ausgefallen ist als die, die man hätte hören wollen, dann sollte man das nur dann kritisieren, wenn man die Frage, ob es für das OMT-Programm überhaupt einen grundgesetzlichen Maßstab gibt, positiv beantworten zu können glaubt. Man sollte jedenfalls nicht vergessen, wie überaus voraussetzungsvoll die Prämissen dieser verfassungsrechtlichen Konstruktionen sind, und deshalb auch nicht empfindlich sein, wenn gelegentlich daran erinnert wird. Continue reading >>Was nun, Herr Voßkuhle?
Mit seinem Vorlagebeschluss zum OMT-Programm der EZB hatte das Bundesverfassungsgericht hoch gepokert. Im Schrifttum wurde der Vorlagebeschluss bereits mit einem spieltheoretischen „chicken game“ verglichen, bei dem Bundesverfassungsgericht und Europäischer Gerichtshof auf den sinnbildlichen Abgrund (alternativ: aufeinander) zurasen, um herauszufinden, wer von ihnen zuerst ausweicht oder auf die Bremse tritt. Nach dem OMT-Urteil des Gerichtshofs (Rs. C-62/14) wird man sagen müssen: der Europäische Gerichtshof tut es jedenfalls nicht, er hat nicht einmal gezuckt. Nun wird Karlsruhe entscheiden müssen, ob es „das Hühnchen“ gibt, oder ob es es mit seinem bereits in der Vorlageentscheidung vorbehaltenen „letzten Wort“ zu einem veritablen Zusammenprall der beiden Gerichtshöfe kommen lässt. Continue reading >>Reform of the EU’s Court System: Why a more accountable – not a larger – Court is the way forward
The European Court of Justice and its President Vassilios Skouris have been subject to unprecedented media scrutiny following intense internal infighting about a contentious proposal which officially aims to ‘reinforce the efficiency of justice at EU level’ by doubling the number of judges working at the General Court. The real challenge facing the Court today, though, is more qualitative than quantitative in nature. The proposal to double the number of GC judges appears to be ‘yesterday’s solution for yesterday’s problem’. Continue reading >>Reform of the EU’s Court System: Why a more accountable – not a larger – Court is the way forward
The European Court of Justice and its President Vassilios Skouris have been subject to unprecedented media scrutiny following intense internal infighting about a contentious proposal which officially aims to ‘reinforce the efficiency of justice at EU level’ by doubling the number of judges working at the General Court. The real challenge facing the Court today, though, is more qualitative than quantitative in nature. The proposal to double the number of GC judges appears to be ‘yesterday’s solution for yesterday’s problem’. Continue reading >>
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16 June 2015
So fern und doch so nah: Drohneneinsätze im Jemen im Visier der Grundrechte
Deutschland muss Grundrechte außerhalb seiner Gebietsgrenzen schützen, auch wenn Personen gefährdet sind, die nicht unter seiner „stabilisierten“ Hoheitsgewalt stehen. Es ist zudem auch dann verpflichtet, Maßnahmen zu ergreifen, wenn eine fremde Hoheitsgewalt Grundrechte zu beeinträchtigen droht, sofern ein Konnex zum Bundesgebiet besteht. Das hat das Verwaltungsgericht Köln am 27.05.2015 in der Sache Jaber entschieden und den Grundrechten „extraterritoriale Schärfe“ beigegeben. Allerdings hat es diese gleich wieder relativiert, indem es den staatlichen Beurteilungsspielraum in Sachen Völkerrechtskonformität weit auslegt und Deutschland ein umfassendes Ermessens bei der Erfüllung von Schutzpflichten zubilligt. Trotz des ambivalenten Eindrucks, den das Urteil hinterlässt, sind insbesondere die impliziten Aussagen zum Verhältnis von humanitärem Völkerrecht zu Grundrechten eines zweiten Blickes würdig. Continue reading >>
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15 June 2015
Al-Bashir: flouting court orders are anti-poor and anti-democratic
The decision by the South African government to ignore the order of the Gauteng High Court not to allow President Omar al-Bashir from North Sudan to leave the country, constitutes a deliberate, pre-meditated, act of contempt of court. The case raises many complex legal and geo-political questions over which reasonable people could profitably disagree. But even in an overheated political climate in which emotions tend to overpower principles and logic, it is unclear how any level-headed South African could support the deliberate flouting of a court order. Continue reading >>
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Al-Bashir: flouting court orders are anti-poor and anti-democratic
The decision by the South African government to ignore the order of the Gauteng High Court not to allow President Omar al-Bashir from North Sudan to leave the country, constitutes a deliberate, pre-meditated, act of contempt of court. The case raises many complex legal and geo-political questions over which reasonable people could profitably disagree. But even in an overheated political climate in which emotions tend to overpower principles and logic, it is unclear how any level-headed South African could support the deliberate flouting of a court order. Continue reading >>
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Des Menschen Wille ist sein Himmelreich: Das EGMR-Urteil zur Sterbehilfe
Der lange Streit um das Leben und Sterben des Vincent Lambert hat zumindest juristisch sein Ende gefunden. Die Große Kammer des EGMR hat entschieden, dass der Schritt, die Versorgung Lamberts mit Nahrung und Flüssigkeit einzustellen, nicht gegen die Menschenrechtskonvention verstößt. Doch das Urteil fiel nicht einstimmig. In ihrem abweichenden Votum kritisierten fünf der 17 Richter die Mehrheitsentscheidung ungewöhnlich scharf. Die Spaltung über den Fall Lambert, die seine Familie und ganz Frankreich in zwei Lager geteilt hat, hat damit auch den Gerichtshof erfasst. Continue reading >>
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12 June 2015
Foreign Policy and the Luxembourg Court: How to Address a Key Roadblock to EU Accession to the ECHR
The Court of Justice of the European Union recently declared the European Union cannot join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) unless the Luxembourg court has jurisdiction over all questions of EU law that reach the Strasbourg court – including Common Foreign and Security Policy. The reasons behind this decision have been discussed elsewhere. The big question now is, how to proceed? Continue reading >>
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Foreign Policy and the Luxembourg Court: How to Address a Key Roadblock to EU Accession to the ECHR
The Court of Justice of the European Union recently declared the European Union cannot join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) unless the Luxembourg court has jurisdiction over all questions of EU law that reach the Strasbourg court – including Common Foreign and Security Policy. The reasons behind this decision have been discussed elsewhere. The big question now is, how to proceed? Continue reading >>
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08 June 2015
Die Parlamentswahlen in der Türkei: eine verfassungspolitische Zäsur
Von rechts bis links sind alle Parteien in der Türkei der Meinung, dass die Verfassung der Putschisten geändert und das Land reformiert werden muss. Das Wahlergebnis zwingt zwar alle gewissen Kompromisse einzugehen. Die divergierenden Interessen der verschiedenen Gruppen machen es sehr schwierig, durch eine Verfassungsänderung die dringend nötigen Reformen einzuführen. Die Türkei hat aber keine andere Chance als die Integration der Minderheiten über eine föderal ausgestaltete Verfassung. Nur durch multiethnische und multireligiöse Vielfalt mit einer neuen föderal ausgerichteten Verfassung kann die Türkei dem Schicksal entgehen, das ihre Nachbarstaaten zurzeit erleben. Continue reading >>
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The EP 2014 Elections: Constitutional Change or Window-Dressing?
The constitutional expectations developed around the European elections of May 2014 were effectively quite high. Faced with a mounting crisis affecting their output legitimacy, European institutions had to strengthen their status through a different channel. An agreement was struck among the main European political parties for nominating a candidate to the President of the European Commission to be supported, in case of victory at the polls, before the European Council. This novelty was introduced as a two-fold opportunity: first, as a chance for enhancing the representative quality of EU lawmaking and, second, to move the relationship between Parliament and Commission toward a form of parliamentary government. Did it succeed? In hindsight, it is clear that the elections of 2014 did produce some effects, but not those of significant politicisation initially envisaged. Continue reading >>
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