21 October 2015

Meeting Albie Sachs: From Outlaw to Constitution Maker

Albie Sachs was nearly killed during his fight against apartheid in South Africa. After the fall of the regime, he became a judge at the Constitutional Court and one of the most influencial and inspirational figures in global constitutional law. A very personal encounter with a man of unlimited hope for human equality. Continue reading >>
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Meeting Albie Sachs: From Outlaw to Constitution Maker

Albie Sachs was nearly killed during his fight against apartheid in South Africa. After the fall of the regime, he became a judge at the Constitutional Court and one of the most influencial and inspirational figures in global constitutional law. A very personal encounter with a man of unlimited hope for human equality. Continue reading >>
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14 October 2015

Transitzonen für Flüchtlinge im Dublin-System?

Um eine Überforderung von Behörden und Zivilgesellschaft in der Flüchtlingskrise abzuwenden, schlagen manche so genannte Transitzonen an den deutschen Außengrenzen vor. Abgesehen von der Frage, wie dies ins Dublin-System passt – wer sich die jüngsten Äußerungen aus der CSU dazu genauer ansieht, der kann erahnen, wohin die Reise eigentlich gehen soll: Die Transitzonen sind der Versuch, das Konzept der bayerischen Erstaufnahmeeinrichtungen für Asylbewerber vom Balkan bundesweit als Standard zu etablieren – nur mit Stacheldraht abgeriegelt und vom Bund bezahlt. Und ob das mit europäischen Grundrechtsstandards vereinbar ist, wird womöglich bald der EuGH zu klären haben. Continue reading >>
13 October 2015

Verfassungsreform in Italien: der entscheidende Schritt

Italien erlebt gerade den umfangreichsten und ambitioniertesten Prozess zur Reform seiner Verfassung seit Beginn der Republik. Die Regierung beabsichtigt, das schwerfällige, träge und ineffiziente Gesetzgebungssystem fundamental zu reformieren. Der Senat wird zu einer Kammer der Regionen mit sehr schwachen gesetzgeberischen Kompetenzen umfunktioniert. Das kurzfristige Ziel scheint aber im Moment eher zu sein, ein Zeichen der Reformbereitschaft zu setzen, als dem Land eine gut durchdachte und funktionierende neue Verfassung zu schenken. Continue reading >>
07 October 2015

Cameron’s bid for irreversible guarantee means constitutional chaos

The UK Conservative government’s attempt to renegotiate the UK’s terms of membership of the European Union continues to distress Britain’s pro-Europeans, antagonise its anti-Europeans and bamboozle its EU partners. Continue reading >>
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Cameron’s bid for irreversible guarantee means constitutional chaos

The UK Conservative government’s attempt to renegotiate the UK’s terms of membership of the European Union continues to distress Britain’s pro-Europeans, antagonise its anti-Europeans and bamboozle its EU partners. Continue reading >>
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The ‘Brexit’ Referendum: We Need to Talk about the (General Election) Franchise

The franchise for the ,Brexit' referendum will mostly follow eligibility for voting in a UK general election. This invites serious reflection on the anomalies of the current general election franchise in the UK: Citizens living abroad are not allowed to vote, and neither are EU citizens from other countries – unless they are Irish, Cypriots or Maltese who are enfranchised as citizens of member states of the Commonwealth. Could this be challenged under EU or ECHR law? Continue reading >>
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The ‘Brexit’ Referendum: We Need to Talk about the (General Election) Franchise

The franchise for the ,Brexit' referendum will mostly follow eligibility for voting in a UK general election. This invites serious reflection on the anomalies of the current general election franchise in the UK: Citizens living abroad are not allowed to vote, and neither are EU citizens from other countries – unless they are Irish, Cypriots or Maltese who are enfranchised as citizens of member states of the Commonwealth. Could this be challenged under EU or ECHR law? Continue reading >>
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01 October 2015

Russisches Eingreifen in Syrien: Eine Frage der Anerkennung

In Syrien geht es immer mehr ans Eingemachte. Die ersten russischen Luftangriffe wurden bereits geflogen, der dortige Krieg ist somit nun auch formell um eine Konfliktpartei reicher. Obendrein richteten sich diese laut den USA nicht gegen den Islamischen Staat, sondern von der CIA ausgebildete Gruppen – der Frieden scheint ferner denn je. Wie ist es völkerrechtlich um die Legalität der russischen Intervention bestellt? Continue reading >>
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30 September 2015

“The key to the solution lies in Spain, not in Catalonia”

Why did the territorial conflict between separatist Catalonia and the Spanish central government escalate so badly? What is at stake in a country historically ridden by civil war and separatist terrorism? What needs to be done to resolve the conflict, and by whom? In an interview with Verfassungsblog, Benito Aláez Corral, constitutional law professor from Oviedo, explains how the Spanish constitution needs to be amended to satisfy the demand for national self-determination in Catalonia and maintain the constitutional integrity of Spain. Continue reading >>
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“The key to the solution lies in Spain, not in Catalonia”

Why did the territorial conflict between separatist Catalonia and the Spanish central government escalate so badly? What is at stake in a country historically ridden by civil war and separatist terrorism? What needs to be done to resolve the conflict, and by whom? In an interview with Verfassungsblog, Benito Aláez Corral, constitutional law professor from Oviedo, explains how the Spanish constitution needs to be amended to satisfy the demand for national self-determination in Catalonia and maintain the constitutional integrity of Spain. Continue reading >>
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29 September 2015

The Proposed TTIP Tribunal and the Court of Justice: What Limits to Investor-State Dispute Settlement under EU Constitutional Law?

In its controversial Opinion 2/13, the European Court of Justice has rejected the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights. The constitutional hurdles the CJEU has erected in this opinion are not only relevant in the area of human rights, but also require us to think hard about the EU constitutionality of the suggested TTIP Tribunal, or any other mechanism of investor-state dispute settlement under future EU international investment agreements. To reduce this uncertainty it may be advisable to request the CJEU through an advisory opinion. Continue reading >>
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The Proposed TTIP Tribunal and the Court of Justice: What Limits to Investor-State Dispute Settlement under EU Constitutional Law?

In its controversial Opinion 2/13, the European Court of Justice has rejected the accession of the EU to the European Convention on Human Rights. The constitutional hurdles the CJEU has erected in this opinion are not only relevant in the area of human rights, but also require us to think hard about the EU constitutionality of the suggested TTIP Tribunal, or any other mechanism of investor-state dispute settlement under future EU international investment agreements. To reduce this uncertainty it may be advisable to request the CJEU through an advisory opinion. Continue reading >>
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26 September 2015

Judging Fears in Refugee Crisis

The current refugee crisis in the heart of Europe recalls the crucial contrast between rational worry and phobia. The historic decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Schwimmer may help us understand the nature of fear in constitutional theory and practice. Continue reading >>
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Judging Fears in Refugee Crisis

The current refugee crisis in the heart of Europe recalls the crucial contrast between rational worry and phobia. The historic decision of the US Supreme Court in the case of United States v. Schwimmer may help us understand the nature of fear in constitutional theory and practice. Continue reading >>
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25 September 2015

Wenn das Kind im Brunnen liegt: Ex-post-facto-Kontrolle des Bundestags beim Einsatz bewaffneter Streitkräfte

Eine nachträgliche konstitutive Zustimmung des Parlaments zu einem bewaffneten Einsatz der Bundeswehr ist nach Beendigung des Einsatzes verfassungsrechtlich nicht geboten – so das BVerfG in seinem Urteil vom 23.09.2015. Einerseits verdient seine Entscheidung Applaus: Das BVerfG präzisiert die Vorgaben, die es in vergangenen Urteilen (Out-of-Area-Einsätze/Luftraumüberwachung durch AWACS-Flugzeuge) aufstellte, und behält seine parlamentsfreundliche Tendenz bei: Die Bundeswehr ist ein „Parlamentsheer“. Andererseits schränkt es diese Wertung gerade dadurch ein, dass die Exekutive den Bundestag nach Beendigung eines Einsatzes nicht mehr zu befassen hat: Im Vorfeld und während eines Einsatzes ist das Parlament „Macher“, nach dessen Abschluss bloßer Informationsempfänger. Ein klarer Wertungswiderspruch. Continue reading >>
24 September 2015

Regulatory Cooperation under TTIP: Democracy on this Side of the Bridge

A week ago, the EU Commission announced that investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) will no longer be part of its proposals on TTIP. This was the Commission’s response to public contestation and fears that such a mechanism could place unjustified constraints on democratic institutions and on the capacity of states and of the EU to preserve their regulatory autonomy. The change announced by the Commission may be a step in the right direction. But there are other reasons of concern in the current Commission proposals, which have been overshadowed by the discussion on ISDS. Once the agreement is in place, how will decisions be made on the differences between EU and US regulation that could be usefully overcome? On which technical requirements are unnecessarily duplicated? On which standards should remain in place because they contend with health safety in a way that would not be compatible with EU standards? On which areas are too distinct to justify attempts at mutual recognition? Such issues will be decided, in a first instance, via regulatory cooperation between the EU and the US. Thus far there has been little debate on this chapter of TTIP. Yet, regulatory cooperation may remove decision-making further away from parliamentary oversight and impact on existing institutional balances in the EU. Continue reading >>
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Regulatory Cooperation under TTIP: Democracy on this Side of the Bridge

A week ago, the EU Commission announced that investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) will no longer be part of its proposals on TTIP. This was the Commission’s response to public contestation and fears that such a mechanism could place unjustified constraints on democratic institutions and on the capacity of states and of the EU to preserve their regulatory autonomy. The change announced by the Commission may be a step in the right direction. But there are other reasons of concern in the current Commission proposals, which have been overshadowed by the discussion on ISDS. Once the agreement is in place, how will decisions be made on the differences between EU and US regulation that could be usefully overcome? On which technical requirements are unnecessarily duplicated? On which standards should remain in place because they contend with health safety in a way that would not be compatible with EU standards? On which areas are too distinct to justify attempts at mutual recognition? Such issues will be decided, in a first instance, via regulatory cooperation between the EU and the US. Thus far there has been little debate on this chapter of TTIP. Yet, regulatory cooperation may remove decision-making further away from parliamentary oversight and impact on existing institutional balances in the EU. Continue reading >>
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23 September 2015

Mehr als nur Formalien: zur Vermittlungsausschuss-Entscheidung des BVerfG

Das Grundgesetz formalisiert den Vorgang der Gesetzgebung. Es pocht auf Gleichheit, Pluralismus, Inklusivität und inhaltliche Offenheit, verpflichtet zu Öffentlichkeit und politischer Verantwortlichkeit, zur Repräsentanz der Opposition und gewährt den Abgeordneten grundsätzlich gleiche Teilhaberechte. Das macht den politischen Prozess schwerfällig und hat für die handelnden Akteure Transaktionskosten. Die Formalisierung des Gesetzgebungsprozesses begrenzt entlang legitimatorischer Erwägungen die legislative Handlungsfähigkeit. Deswegen sind informale politische Prozesse, die außerhalb des verfassungsrechtlichen Gesetzgebungsverfahrens stattfinden, wichtig: Von den Beteiligten organisierte Praktiken tragen zur Funktionsfähigkeit des demokratischen Verfahrens bei, indem sie mehrheitsfähige legislative Politiken finden. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist die gestrige Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts in Sachen Vermittlungsausschuss von besonderem Interesse. Wie eng – so die zu entscheidende Frage – ist der Vermittlungsausschuss von Bundestag und Bundesrat an diese vermeintlichen Formalien gebunden, wenn er seine Arbeit möglichst effizient zu organisieren versucht? Continue reading >>
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Where do we stand on the reform of the EU’s Court System? On a reform as short-sighted as the attempts to force through its adoption

Last October, the CJEU has proposed to double the number of judges at the General Court to help tackling its growing workload. The legislative process this proposal is currently undergoing appears to be marred by a pattern of procedural irregularities whose only aim seems to be the speedy adoption of the reform and – more troublingly – may also be construed as a joint advocacy strategy designed to systematically eliminate any opportunity for a public, well informed and evidence-based debate. Should this reform go through (as it appears likely), damaging evidence might yet come to light and the authority and legitimacy of relevant EU institutions will be further undermined at a time where they have little to spare. Continue reading >>
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Where do we stand on the reform of the EU’s Court System? On a reform as short-sighted as the attempts to force through its adoption

Last October, the CJEU has proposed to double the number of judges at the General Court to help tackling its growing workload. The legislative process this proposal is currently undergoing appears to be marred by a pattern of procedural irregularities whose only aim seems to be the speedy adoption of the reform and – more troublingly – may also be construed as a joint advocacy strategy designed to systematically eliminate any opportunity for a public, well informed and evidence-based debate. Should this reform go through (as it appears likely), damaging evidence might yet come to light and the authority and legitimacy of relevant EU institutions will be further undermined at a time where they have little to spare. Continue reading >>
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22 September 2015

Thinking out legal remedies under TTIP

Last week, the EU commission presented its reform proposal for the investment chapter in the currently negotiated EU-US free trade agreement TTIP. The proposal has rightly sparked an overall positive response, as its many improvements set new benchmarks for international investment law. However, a more fundamental question, brought up again in the aftermath of the Commission’s proposal, still remains open: Why should only foreign investors, and not domestic enterprises, consumers and workers, have the right to claim TTIP provisions intended to protect their respective rights and interests? Isn’t an exclusive right to bring individual claims an unjustified advantage for foreign investors over other individuals and groups that are equally affected by TTIP? Continue reading >>
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TTIP-Rechtsschutz zu Ende denken

Die EU-Kommission hat für ihren jüngsten Vorschlag zu TTIP viel Lob erfahren. Eine grundsätzliche Frage lässt der Vorschlag allerdings weiterhin offen: Warum sollen nur ausländische Investoren, nicht aber einheimische Unternehmen, Verbraucher und Arbeitnehmer, die jeweils zu ihren Gunsten vereinbarten Schutzstandards einklagen können? Ist die einseitige Klagemöglichkeit nicht ein ungerechtfertigter Vorteil ausländischer Investoren gegenüber anderen von TTIP betroffenen Personen und Gruppen? Continue reading >>
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21 September 2015

Crisis, what Crisis? Some Views from Spain on the Recent Refugee Crisis in Europe

The Spanish approach to the ongoing refugee crisis is certainly striking given the general lack of involvement and indifference with which the national government has addressed the issue. The same cannot be said of other subnational authorities (i.e. autonomous regions, municipalities, etc.) or the general public, who have been particularly active and eventually contributed to the mobilisation of the national government, thus modifying its initial attitude. One should not find extraordinary this reluctance in addressing the problem of refugees, as it in fact reveals a remarkable continuity with the actions of previous governments, whatever their political colour. This undoubtedly constitutes quite a paradox: even if during its recent turbulent history Spain has been generating refugees in large numbers, with the establishment of democracy its attitude towards the notion of asylum revealed a striking lack of ambition. Continue reading >>
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Crisis, what Crisis? Some Views from Spain on the Recent Refugee Crisis in Europe

The Spanish approach to the ongoing refugee crisis is certainly striking given the general lack of involvement and indifference with which the national government has addressed the issue. The same cannot be said of other subnational authorities (i.e. autonomous regions, municipalities, etc.) or the general public, who have been particularly active and eventually contributed to the mobilisation of the national government, thus modifying its initial attitude. One should not find extraordinary this reluctance in addressing the problem of refugees, as it in fact reveals a remarkable continuity with the actions of previous governments, whatever their political colour. This undoubtedly constitutes quite a paradox: even if during its recent turbulent history Spain has been generating refugees in large numbers, with the establishment of democracy its attitude towards the notion of asylum revealed a striking lack of ambition. Continue reading >>
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19 September 2015

Die Logik des Krieges: eine Anmerkung zur ukrainischen Verfassungsreform

Die Verfassungsreform in der Ukraine droht zu scheitern. In dem Vorgang zeigt sich das große ukrainische Dilemma im Kleinen: der Westen setzt Moskaus Zugriff auf die Ukraine wenig entgegen. Der Druck durch Merkel und Hollande auf Porošenko, die Verfassungsreform nach Minsk II umzusetzen, diente dem Ziel, Minsk II nicht scheitern zu lassen, nicht aber den Interessen der ukrainischen Staatsreform mit einer neuen Verfassung als freiwilligem Vertrag der Bürger über die Form ihres Zusammenlebens. Continue reading >>
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18 September 2015

Dublin, Schengen und der Stöpsel

Deutschland muss in diesen Tagen für seine Flüchtlingspolitik eine Menge Kritik einstecken. Eine nüchterne Betrachtung zeigt: Die Kritik geht im Wesentlichen fehl. Auch wenn es einigen europäischen Staaten nicht gefallen dürfte; im Gegensatz zu ihnen hält Deutschland die unionsrechtlichen Vorgaben in punkto Dublin-Verfahren und Schengen-Besitzstand ein. Wer glaubt, dass Menschen, die enorme Strapazen in Kauf nehmen und sogar bereit sind ihr Leben zu riskieren, erst den Wink der Kanzlerin abwarten müssen, um eine lebensverändernde Entscheidung zu treffen, unterschätzt die Migrationsdynamik gewaltig. Continue reading >>
17 September 2015

„A new era in the settlement of investment disputes?“ – Reformvorschläge der EU-Kommission zum Investitionsschutz in TTIP

Kaum ein völkerrechtliches Thema wurde in den letzten Monaten so intensiv diskutiert wie die künftige Struktur des Investitionsschutzes in EU-Freihandelsabkommen. Die Sicherung staatlicher Regulierungsrechte, die Erneuerung des institutionellen Gefüges, eine Verfahrensreform sowie klare Regelungen zu dem Verhältnis von Investitionsschutz und nationalem Recht bzw. nationalen Rechtswegen waren Gegenstand der Diskussion. Zuletzt hatte sich auch das EU-Parlament für eine Reform des Investitionsschutzes ausgesprochen. Jetzt hat die EU-Kommission ihren mit Spannung erwarteten Entwurf eines TTIP-Investitionsschutzkapitels (Kommissions-Entwurf) vorgestellt. Tatsächlich ist dieser in vielerlei Hinsicht als gelungene Antwort auf die geforderten Reformen zu bewerten. Continue reading >>