25 February 2026
Venezuela’s Amnesty Law
The U.S. intervention in Venezuela violated the ius cogens prohibition of the use of force and the principle of non-intervention of the UN Charter. At the same time, it created room for political change. The recently adopted Venezuelan Amnesty Law appears to go in that direction. However, a law should not be judged only by what it proclaims, but also — and above all — by its real effects. From this perspective, fundamental doubts arise as to whether the Amnesty Law will contribute to a true democratic renewal in Venezuela. Continue reading >>
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12 July 2025
The Catalan Amnesty in the Spanish Constitutional Court
On 26 June 2025, the Spanish Constitutional Court ruled that the Amnesty Act “for the Institutional, Political and Social Normalization in Catalonia” is constitutional. The decision appears to reflect a pragmatic rather than a principled understanding of the amnesty – in other words, it treats the amnesty as an instrument to normalise the political situation in Catalonia rather than a measure for redressing possible rights violations resulting from the criminal convictions. Continue reading >>
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06 December 2023
Rule of Law Eroded
Spain is going through turbulent times, marked by a strong political polarization and an increasingly evident decline in the rule of law due to the partisan takeover of institutions. This situation has been exacerbated by President Sánchez's investiture agreements with pro-independence parties, particularly Junts, led by the fugitive Puigdemont, who spearheaded the Catalan secessionist insurrection in the autumn of 2017. The bill grants amnesty for crimes committed in connection with secessionist efforts, including, among others, misappropriation of public funds, prevarication, and attacks against authority. The amnesty, as it currently stands, violates both the Spanish Constitution and basic tenets of the rule of law. Continue reading >>07 February 2017