04 August 2025
Behemoth v. The Dual State in the Gaza War
Fraenkel’s The Dual State (1941) and Neumann’s Behemoth (1942) offer two diverging accounts of the legal reality under National Socialism. The controversy between the two is important not only for the Gaza War, but also for the future of international humanitarian law writ large. The picture, according to which if lawyers had more power post-World War I, democracies in Europe would not have collapsed, affected both constitutional and international law. Yet, the claim that Weimar and the world could have been saved if only the law and lawyers had possessed more power is inaccurate. We are now reliving the consequences of this mistake in the Gaza War. Continue reading >>
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23 July 2025
Respect for International Law in Gaza
Since October 2023, a group of eminent Israeli international law scholars has written numerous letters and memos expressing concerns over many aspects of the Gaza war. Given the importance of these documents both in doctrinal terms and in highlighting the work of these colleagues, we have asked to publish them. So far, only one of the letters has been officially published. Readers interested in more detail can access the full text of the respective documents, which are hyperlinked and archived on Verfassungsblog. Continue reading >>
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19 July 2025
Against Authoritarian Determinism
A tempting but corrosive thought about Israeli politics – and about many other places – is that we have already embarked on a one-way road to authoritarianism. This “authoritarian determinism”, sometimes presented as a kind of seasoned realism, assumes that political trajectories continue unidirectionally. There is a world of difference between the many political contexts in which authoritarianism seems to be on the rise. And yet, a common question seems to be asked: in the face of authoritarian determinism, what can be saved of the democratic process? Until when does it make sense to hold on? Continue reading >>
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13 July 2025
On the “Whims of Foreign Courts”
Last week, the UK High Court decided that the UK can continue to issue licences for F-35 components that go into a pool of spare parts which Israel can use on its existing F-35 jets. The finding by the High Court that the UK cannot exclude Israel as an end user for UK manufactured components because “the only way for the UK to ensure that its components do not reach Israel is for it to suspend all exports into the F-35 programme” raises pertinent questions with regard to the UK's compliance with the Arms Trade Treaty and other key provisions of international law. Continue reading >>
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15 June 2025
“Almost Genocide”
Genocidal intent does not necessarily pop, prefabricated, out of the perpetrator’s state’s head. It emerges – gradually, often unevenly – as a product of action, omission, emotion, and political opportunity. A war that once had legal justification as defence can thus harden into something else: the destruction of a group as such. This is as true in the specific conditions of Gaza, as it is as a matter of principle. Continue reading >>
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04 June 2025
Genocide in Gaza?
“Israel is committing genocide in Gaza.” This was the claim raised by South Africa before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in The Hague just two and a half months after Hamas' large-scale terrorist attack on Israel on October 7, 2023. South Africa alleges that Israel's military counteroffensive is not (primarily) directed against Hamas, but rather aims to destroy the group of Palestinians in Gaza as such. This accusation carries significant political and legal weight. However, proving the necessary intent to destroy is difficult; it should not be accepted lightly. At any rate, as Israel's warfare continues and becomes increasingly brutal, the evidence for genocide is mounting. Continue reading >>02 June 2025
Assoziierungsabkommen und Völkerrechtsverstöße
Am 20. Mai 2025 haben 17 der 27 Außenminister der EU-Mitgliedstaaten dafür gestimmt, das Assoziierungsabkommen mit Israel durch die EU-Kommission aufgrund der Vorgänge in Gaza überprüfen oder auszusetzen zu lassen. Bereits vorher gab es vergleichbare Äußerungen des ehemaligen Hohen Vertreters für die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik. Diese Situationen werfen erneut die Frage auf, ob und wie die EU auf Rechtsverletzungen von Vertragspartnern zu reagieren hat. Auch wenn der Union diesbezüglich ein weiter Spielraum zukommt: untätig bleiben darf sie bei schweren Völkerrechtsverstößen nicht. Continue reading >>
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28 May 2025
Genozid in Gaza?
Israel begehe in Gaza einen Völkermord. Diesen Vorwurf trug Südafrika bereits rund zweieinhalb Monate nach dem großangelegten Terroranschlag der Hamas auf Israel vor dem Internationalen Gerichtshof (IGH) in Den Haag vor. Die militärische Gegenoffensive Israels richte sich nicht (primär) gegen die Hamas, sondern ziele darauf ab, die Gruppe der Palästinenser als solche zu zerstören. Dieser Vorwurf wiegt politisch wie rechtlich schwer. Die hierfür notwendige Zerstörungsabsicht ist nur schwer nachzuweisen und darf nicht vorschnell bejaht werden. Mit zunehmender Dauer und Brutalisierung der israelischen Kriegsführung verdichten sich jedoch die Indizien für das Vorliegen eines Genozids. Continue reading >>09 April 2025
How Hungary’s Withdrawal from the International Criminal Court Affects the Credibility of the European Union
Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán launched another attack on the rules-based world order. He invited Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who is under an arrest warrant of the International Criminal Court (ICC) for allegations of war crimes and crimes against humanity, for a state visit to Budapest. On this occasion, Orbán announced Hungary’s withdrawal from the ICC, which he defined as “a politically biased” institution. With this move, Hungary undermines the EU’s long-standing and consolidated support for the ICC. Continue reading >>
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25 March 2025
The Death Knell for American Free Speech Tradition
In a case that has received global attention and reproach, Mahmoud Khalil, a lawful permanent resident of the United States and recent graduate of Columbia University (another target of the Trump administration’s ire), was arrested on 8 March by Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents in front of his apartment in New York and subsequently transferred to a detention facility in Louisiana. In this blog post, my aim is to show that the case of Mr. Khalil implicates perhaps the most sacrosanct of American constitutional rights: free speech. Continue reading >>
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