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All Debates on Verfassungsblog
Verfassungsblog hosts online symposia on topical events and developments in legislation and jurisdiction and puts cutting-edge scholarship up for discussion. Our aim is to create a lively and multi-faceted constitutionalist public sphere in Europe and beyond. Since 2011 high-profile issues of public interest in constitutional law and politics have been at the center of controversial debates on Verfassungsblog on a regular basis, including the constitutional decline in EU member states like Hungary, the regional separatism in Scotland and Catalonia, European constitutional courts and their fraught relationships et.al.
16 September 2025
Judicial Convergence on Climate Change
In just over a year, three of the world’s most prominent courts have addressed States’ legal obligations in the context of climate change. Although each court examined various questions from its own unique institutional and legal standpoint, their conclusions showed a significant convergence on several key issues, including the role of science, the standard of due diligence, the duty to cooperate, the role of private actors, the importance of human rights, and the need for reparations. This blog post explores each court’s consideration of these issues. Continue reading >>A Right to Defend the Environment
In a remarkable yet underexplored section, the IACtHR establishes a right to defend the environment, along with corresponding duties of States to protect environmental defenders. By recognizing environmental defenders as essential actors in democratic climate governance, the IACtHR’s advisory opinion advances a bold vision of environmental democracy that positions civic engagement as a vital precondition for legitimate and effective climate action. Continue reading >>12 September 2025
From Sidelines to Center Stage
The trilogy of climate advisory opinions from the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, and the International Court of Justice marks a watershed moment not only for climate litigation but also for understanding the evolving role of Conferences of the Parties (COPs) in international law. This post analyses the courts' engagement with COPs and argues that it represents another step in clarifying their institutional role in global governance – one that elevates these treaty bodies from largely diplomatic forums to authoritative interpreters and potentially norm-creators within treaty regimes. Continue reading >>11 September 2025
International Law’s Administrative Law Turn and the Paris Agreement
In the recent Advisory Opinion on States’ Obligations in respect of Climate Change, various remarks by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) lean into an increasingly “administrative” law turn in international law. In this blog post, we investigate this phenomenon by looking at the ways in which States’ preparation, communication, and maintenance of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement are coming to be characterised by requirements or standards with a domestic administrative law tone. Continue reading >>05 September 2025
Epistemic Authority and the Right to Science in AO-32/25
Traditionally, the right to science as occupied a marginal place within the contentious and advisory architecture of the Inter-American system. However, in its Advisory Opinion–AO-32/25, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights changes this framework by shifting the right to science from a peripheral tool of knowledge dissemination to a central axis of disputes over epistemic authority in public policy formation. This repositioning is not merely about expanding the scope of an undervalued right but about redefining its legal status based on the structural transformations imposed by the climate crisis on the normative production forms and institutional recognition of knowledge. Continue reading >>04 September 2025
The Evasion of Historical Responsibility?
The International Court Advisory’s advisory opinion on Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change has been celebrated as marking the start of a “new era of climate reparations.” In my contribution, I want to draw attention to how, even as the ICJ opened the door to climate reparations, it was evasive on the key temporal questions that are central to any future claims about reparations owed by individual countries for their historical greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, the advisory opinion avoided addressing how colonial histories continue to shape present day climate injustices and the need to decolonize international law. Continue reading >>03 September 2025
“Doing the Utmost”
The ICJ found that some norms, previously thought not binding and falling under the unfettered discretion of States (e.g. the content of NDCs) are in fact binding obligations of conduct based on a due diligence standard, and their breach gives rise to state responsibility. In this blog post, I address some pertinent issues regarding due diligence as addressed by the ICJ, as well as ITLOS and the IACtHR. In particular, I focus on the relationship between obligations of result and obligations of conduct, the nature of due diligence, factors to determine its content, and the legal consequences of not acting with the required diligence. Continue reading >>01 September 2025
Hanan Ashrawi
Few advocates of Palestinian liberation have become as familiar a name as Dr. Hanan Ashrawi. A principled activist and gifted speaker with a formidable academic background, she rose to international prominence during the First Intifada in 1988. Later, with the start of the Madrid Conference in 1991, she caught the world’s attention as the official representative of the Palestinian delegation. Continue reading >>28 August 2025
Can Africa Still Drill?
While the ICJ found that any State suffering from climate change can bring charges against others for their contribution to climate change, the opinion does not distinguish between the obligations of developed and developing States (except where treaty law already imposes different obligations). African States and the African Union have continued to support fossil fuel development on the continent. In light of this advisory opinion, what obligations are imposed on developing States, like African States, to protect the climate, particularly regarding the further development of fossil fuel industries? Continue reading >>26 August 2025
Closing the Silences
At COP 30 in Belém, ministers will wrangle over how “sufficient” the new climate-finance goal must be, and whether “phase-down” of coal is a slogan or a legal trigger. In Brussels, the 2040 climate target faces the same test, while in Geneva, the WTO’s fossil-subsidy reform stalls over which tax breaks to cut. Read through a strict consent-only lens, and these are political choices. Read through the ICJ’s frame – science, equity, no-harm, precaution – they become legal ones: finance must be capable of delivering 1.5°C and repairing loss and damage, coal and subsidy policies must be plausibly 1.5°C-compatible, and the burden falls on governments to prove it. Continue reading >>22 August 2025
Ehre, wem Kritik gebührt?
Das Beleidigungsstrafrecht zeigt sich als ambivalentes Instrument: Es kann vor digitalem Hass schützen, birgt aber zugleich das Risiko, freie Kritik zu unterdrücken. Der Künast-Fall lenkte den Blick auf diese Spannung und veränderte das Verständnis von Ehrschutz und Meinungsfreiheit. Mit § 188 StGB verschob der Gesetzgeber das Verhältnis weiter zugunsten eines verstärkten Schutzes von Politikern. Nötig ist eine Reform, die demokratische Machtkritik wieder ins Zentrum rückt. Continue reading >>„Hass und Hetze bekämpfen“
Äußerungsdelikte rücken zunehmend ins Zentrum von Politik und Justiz, getragen vom Ruf nach härterem Vorgehen gegen „Hass und Hetze“. Die Strafbarkeit wird stetig ausgeweitet – von Volksverhetzung bis zu satirischen Memes mit NS-Bezug. Kritiker sehen darin moralische Tabuisierung und eine Erosion des ultima-ratio-Prinzips. Gefordert sind klare Grenzen strafbarer Rede und stärkere nichtstrafrechtliche Mittel zur Zivilisierung von Kommunikation. Continue reading >>21 August 2025
Pardons, Criminal Theory, and Political Sociology
Donald Trump’s use of the presidential pardon has transformed a constitutional power into a tool of personal loyalty and partisan retribution. Rather than correcting injustice, his pardons reward allies, shield loyalists, and punish critics. This shift reflects not only a philosophical challenge to the logic of criminal law, but also a deeper sociopolitical trend: the erosion of accountability through transactional governance. As legal boundaries blur and institutional checks falter, the rule of law itself is drawn into the orbit of authoritarian impulse. Continue reading >>Das deutsche Gnadenrecht
Das Gnadenrecht soll als letztes Korrektiv individuelle Gerechtigkeit schaffen, wo das Straf- und Vollstreckungsrecht an seine Grenzen stößt. In der Praxis ist es jedoch zu einem föderalen Flickenteppich geworden, dessen unterschiedliche Verfahren und Zuständigkeiten zu Ungleichbehandlung und Zufallsergebnissen führen. Kritisiert werden fehlende Transparenz, eingeschränkte Akteneinsicht, das Fehlen gerichtlicher Kontrolle und ein erhöhtes Missbrauchspotenzial. Statt Abschaffung braucht es deshalb eine bundesweit einheitliche, transparente und rechtsstaatlich gesicherte Reform des Gnadenrechts. Continue reading >>20 August 2025
Attacks on Reproductive Control
In the U.S., authoritarian populists exploit gender politics by criminalizing pregnancy, restricting reproductive rights, and using criminal law to undermine women’s autonomy. Under Trump, these dynamics intensified, ranging from nationwide abortion bans to the erosion of healthcare protections and threats to contraception access. Such measures tap into racial and economic anxieties, reinforce patriarchal power, and resonate far beyond the United States. Continue reading >>Aktuelle Kriminalpolitik aus Sicht der feministischen Kriminalwissenschaft
Die deutsche Kriminalpolitik reagiert auf Gewalt gegen Frauen vor allem mit Strafrechtsverschärfungen und verknüpft diese häufig mit migrationspolitischen Narrativen. Feministische Kriminalwissenschaft kritisiert diese Fixierung als „Carceral Feminism“, der Ursachen verfehlt und marginalisierte Gruppen zusätzlich belastet. Rechte Akteure instrumentalisieren das Thema, indem sie rassistische Stereotype verstärken und feministische Positionen delegitimieren. Gefordert ist eine differenzierte Politik, die Strafrecht reflektiert einsetzt und Prävention stärkt. Continue reading >>19 August 2025
Is Montevideo Sinking?
Following the ICJ’s opinion, only time will tell whether the Montevideo criteria are themselves “sinking,” and what might replace them. It remains doubtful whether sunken States could be sovereign equals to States with territory, as they would necessarily rely on the goodwill of their host State to cede jurisdiction to some degree. Even though the ICJ’s opinion is a big step forward (especially) for small island States, it cannot, by itself, preserve a State’s full sovereignty once its territory is submerged. Small island States have contributed the least to climate change, yet now face an existential threat. This unfair fate must be prevented. I Continue reading >>Statehood in the Climate Crisis
In this blog post, we zero in on the part of the ICJ's climate advisory opinion that concerns statehood. Specifically, we analyze the ICJ’s restatement of the presumption of state continuity, examining both what the Court says and doesn’t say, and what the implications could be. We also consider the individual opinions that discuss statehood and add some brief reflections on the applicability of Article 1 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States (Montevideo Convention) and on State extinction. Our analysis is preliminary, and certainly much ink will be spilled on the ICJ’s remarks going forward. Continue reading >>Flucht nach vorne
Das BMJV treibt mit seinem neuen Entwurf die Vorfeldkriminalisierung im Terrorismusstrafrecht voran – ein Schritt, der eher Scheinsicherheit erzeugt als wirksamen Schutz. Terroristische Gewalt zielt auf die Zerstörung staatlichen Vertrauens, während Politik und Öffentlichkeit aus Angst reflexhaft Strafverschärfungen fordern. Der Entwurf folgt zwar Brüsseler Vorgaben, überschreitet sie jedoch und gefährdet rechtsstaatliche Grundprinzipien. Am Ende steht die Frage, ob ein Rechtsstaat nicht gerade darin Stärke zeigt, Tatstrafrecht und Unschuldsvermutung auch gegenüber Terroristen zu wahren. Continue reading >>Demokratieschutz durch Strafrecht
Das Strafrecht ist nicht nur ein Mittel der Rechtsdurchsetzung, sondern ein politisch gestaltetes Instrument, das die sozialen Funktionsbedingungen der Demokratie stabilisiert. Es schützt elementare Voraussetzungen demokratischer Selbstbestimmung – von gleichberechtigter Teilhabe über die Integrität staatlicher Institutionen bis hin zur Abwehr von Machtmissbrauch und kommunikativer Ausgrenzung. Gerade im Strafrecht zeigt sich die Spannung zwischen legitimer Demokratiesicherung und der Gefahr, Freiheitsrechte zu beschneiden. Continue reading >>18 August 2025
Against Abusive Essentialism
Dixon identifies two means of abusive feminism – formalism and descriptive representation – both of which have found currency in the South Asian context. The South Asian region has a long history of female leaders of states, but their rule demonstrates that no easy causations can be drawn between descriptive presence of women in positions of power and democracy. Women can be and are good and bad leaders just as men. The framework of abusive feminism can help us recognize the dynamic nature of authoritarian rule and take a contextual, multi-institutional, and intersectional approach in our responses. Continue reading >>Wer hat Angst vorm Schleuser?
Grenzen sortieren Menschen in erwünscht und unerwünscht und das Strafrecht wird dabei zur schärfsten Linie. In der Figur des „Schleusers“ verwandelt es sich ins Feindstrafrecht, das nicht mehr differenziert, sondern ausschließt. Humanitäre Fluchthilfe wird so kriminalisiert, Helfer:innen und selbst Flüchtlinge geraten in den Verdacht, „Staatsfeinde“ zu sein. Ein humanes, resilientes Strafrecht muss dem entgegenwirken und die Geschichten, Motive und Verletzlichkeiten der Betroffenen wieder sichtbar machen. Continue reading >>Das Strafrecht als Mittel der Migrationskontrolle?
Das Strafrecht ist zur Waffe der Migrationspolitik geworden, allen voran der Schleusertatbestand. Hinter der Erzählung vom skrupellosen Schlepper verbirgt sich ein System, das Flüchtlinge ohne legale Zugangswege in die Abhängigkeit von Schleusern drängt. Zugleich kriminalisiert das Gesetz auch solidarische Hilfe und stellt NGOs wie Flüchtlinge selbst unter Verdacht. Damit rückt das Strafrecht gefährlich nah an autoritär-populistische Instrumentalisierung. Continue reading >>15 August 2025
When Custom Binds All States
The ICJ affirmed that States have binding customary obligations to prevent significant harm to the climate system and to cooperate in addressing the crisis. Rejecting arguments that climate treaties override these duties, the Court clarified that non-parties remain bound. While acknowledging law’s limits, the ICJ’s opinion provides a powerful legal foundation to guide climate negotiations, litigation, and collective action worldwide. Continue reading >>Abusive+ in Brazil
In the recently published article Abusive Feminism, Rosalind Dixon problematizes the weaponization of “feminism” by actors as a means to erode, rather than promote, democratic ends, and provides a path for those who wish to resist it. Brazil offers powerful examples of the phenomenon identified by Dixon, confirming many of her conclusions – and, conversely, unearths aspects that could help us deepen our understanding of how abuse happens. Continue reading >>Verwundbare Demokratien und das Strafrecht
Verwundbare Demokratien sind kein Naturzustand, sondern Resultat politischer und rechtlicher Kämpfe, in denen auch das Strafrecht tief verstrickt ist. Als Teil des staatlichen Gewaltmonopols definiert es, was als legitime oder illegitime Gewalt gilt – und stabilisiert damit bestehende Machtverhältnisse. Statt sich auf entpolitisierte Rechtslogik zu verlassen, braucht es ein Strafrecht, das seine politische Verantwortung anerkennt und im Rahmen demokratischer Auseinandersetzungen transformativ weiterentwickelt wird. Continue reading >>Das Politische im Strafrecht stärken
Strafrecht gerät ins Rutschen – nicht, weil es politisch wird, sondern weil es das Politische verliert. Technokratische Verdrängung und affektive Überhitzung spielen autoritären Kräften gezielt in die Hände. Sie schmieden ein regressives Strafrecht, gegen Pluralität, Dissens und das „Andere“. Was also tun? Es gilt, das Politische im Strafrecht zu stärken: nicht als parteipolitisches Kalkül, sondern als emanzipatorisches Projekt. Continue reading >>14 August 2025
