11 June 2026
Freedom of Speech at the FIFA World Cup 2026
On 11 June 2026, the FIFA World Cup hosted by Canada, Mexico and the USA will be launched by the opening match between Mexico and South Africa in the Estadio Azteca of Mexico City. Considering the current international context, in particular ongoing tensions and armed conflicts, it is likely that FIFA and the three host countries will also face certain incidents during this year’s tournament. In principle, the international sports movement, including FIFA, aims to be ideologically, politically, and religiously neutral, which can provoke tensions with players’ and fans’ legitimate activism. Continue reading >>
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05 June 2026
Decorative by Design
FIFA’s climate criteria for World Cup hosts borrow the authority of international climate law without any enforcement consequence. The 2026 host country’s withdrawal from the parent treaty regime exposes the borrowing as decorative. On 11 June 2026, the US opens the tournament that promised environmental leadership and an emissions trajectory aligned with the Paris Agreement. FIFA treats this contradiction as a non-event. What exactly do FIFA climate criteria oblige, and through what mechanism? The answer, on close reading, is that they oblige very little. Continue reading >>
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18 February 2025
How the CJEU Should Supervise the Court of Arbitration for Sport
On 16 January 2025, AG Ćapeta rendered her Opinion in the Seraing case which could have profound effects for transnational governance of sports. AG Ćapeta highlights convincingly the specificities of CAS arbitration, its forced nature and peculiar private enforcement system. She concludes that CAS awards should be deprived of res judicata effect and subject to EU law review. I advocate for a less disruptive approach. Instead of a total devaluation of CAS awards, we should condition the recognition of their bindingness to their compliance with European public policy and fundamental due process rights. Continue reading >>26 July 2023
A Human Rights Breakthrough in Sports Law?
On 11 July 2023, the ECtHR found in its Chamber judgment in Semenya v. Switzerland that international-level athlete Mokgadi Caster Semenya had been discriminated against by the Eligibility Regulations for Female Classification of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF, now World Athletics). These regulations required her to undergo hormone treatment to lower her natural testosterone levels in order to be admitted to international competitions in the female category. In the Chamber's view, Switzerland had violated the Convention by failing to provide sufficient institutional and procedural safeguards to enable Ms. Semenya to have her discrimination complaints effectively examined. If the GC upholds the Chamber’s findings on jurisdiction and scrutiny, the Semenya judgment will have a significant impact on the human rights approach of sports federations and on future CAS proceedings. Continue reading >>
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