27 May 2025
Dismantling Jus Soli
The principle of jus soli has been progressively dismantled in France through the tightening of conditions governing access to French nationality in Mayotte—the 101st department of the Republic and an archipelago in the Comoros located in the Indian Ocean. This restrictive approach was reinforced by the adoption, on 9 April 2025, of a new legislative measure designed to further limit access to birthright citizenship. The Conseil constitutionnel upheld the constitutionality of the contested provisions in its decision of 7 May 2025. Continue reading >>
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02 April 2024
Between Legal Deficiencies and Political Restraint
Traditionally, it is Germany, not France, which is presented as the model example of militant democracy. Among the various provisions of the German Basic Law, Article 21 (2), setting out the procedure for banning political parties, is perhaps one of the clearest expressions of the basic constitutional decision in favour of a streitbare Demokratie. Nevertheless, setting concepts aside and examining empirical data, it is interesting to note that Germany has banned fewer political parties than France since the end of the Second World War. Continue reading >>
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05 February 2024
Heightening the Repressive Dynamic
The new French Immigration Act was promulgated and published on 26th January 2024, the day after the Conseil Constitutionnel decision which censored 35 provisions in one of its longest decisions to date. The Conseil chose to emphasize the Constitution’s procedural requirements, while largely avoiding substantive analysis of the Act’s drastic reduction of foreigners’ rights. Indeed, it asserted the constitutionality or remained silent on many provisions that undercut foreigner’s rights. The Act as promulgated thereby constitutes the most repressive text since 1945 and heightens a migration restrictive dynamic. Continue reading >>
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01 February 2024
Mit der Verfassung spielt man nicht!
Am 25. Januar 2024 hat der französische Verfassungsrat zahlreiche Normen des neuen Einwanderungsrechts für verfassungswidrig erklärt (Nr. 2023-863 DC). Im Kontext dieses Normkontrollverfahrens zeigte sich eine Regierung, die den Verfassungsverstoß als Mittel zur Mehrheitsfindung nutzte. Zugleich scheute das Verfassungsgericht die inhaltliche Prüfung und stützte sich fast ausschließlich auf Verfahrensmängel. Beides hilft Bestrebungen von rechts, eine gerichtliche Kontrolle staatlicher Maßnahmen zukünftig einzuschränken. Noch bleibt Zeit, die Verfassungskultur in Frankreich zu stärken. Continue reading >>01 May 2023
Gewaltenteilung vor Klimaschutz
Nach ihrem Pyrrhussieg in Sachen Rentenreform wurde der französischen Regierung Ende letzter Woche vom Verfassungsrat erneut der Rücken gestärkt. Anlass war ein Gesetzesentwurf zur Aufstockung des Militärbudgets als französische Reaktion auf den russischen Angriffskrieg. Verfassungsrechtlich ging es dabei um die Frage, wie intensiv Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen gerichtlich zu kontrollieren sind. Ein Blick nach Paris lohnt sich auch vor dem Hintergrund des deutschen Bestrebens, einen „Klimacheck“ für Gesetze einzuführen, welcher vor ähnlichen verfassungsrechtlichen Schwierigkeiten stehen dürfte. Continue reading >>26 April 2023
A Conservative Constitutional Council Watching over a Conservative Constitution
On 14 April 2023, the French Constitutional Council handed down its decisions on the constitutionality of the controversial pension reform and on the referendum that was supposed to stop it. In substance, the decisions were met with little surprise. What is noteworthy about them, however, is something else: Both decisions are excellent indicators of the profoundly conservative nature of the French Constitution and of the judges watching over its observance. Continue reading >>
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17 April 2023
Die Renten- als Demokratiedebatte
Am Freitag hat der französische Verfassungsrat die Rentennovelle der Borne-Regierung im Wesentlichen nach präventiver Normenkontrolle bestätigt und die Initiative der linken Opposition zu einem Referendum („RIP“) über das Rentenalter verworfen. Die Entscheidungen sind juristisch so erwart- wie politisch kritisierbar und werfen mehrere grundsätzliche Fragen auf, die die Zukunft der französischen konstitutionellen Demokratie betreffen. Continue reading >>06 May 2022
A Court With Powerless Judges
The new appointments of judges to the French Constitutional Council, I described in an earlier post this week, are certainly important but also less decisive than one might think. The structure and the functioning of the Court are built to minimize the power of its judges. The real decisions are made by the legal department of the Court’s administration. Continue reading >>03 May 2022
A Male, White and Conservative Constitutional Judge
In February and March 2022, three new members have been appointed to the French Conseil constitutionnel. A closer look at the new composition shows that France’s constitutional court is composed of a majority of male, white, elitist graduates with a right-wing tilt, drawn from the ranks of politicians and civil servants. In a broader sense, it is actually a good portrait of the current French political system, which seems to resemble some kind of oligarchy. Continue reading >>20 January 2022
What is Low isn’t Free
Emmanuel Macron’s proposition to raise university tuition fees in France was met with much criticism, including that it would be unconstitutional. Yet, French case law is not very clear on this point. A recent decision of the highest administrative court, the Conseil d’Etat, opens a path for the government to dramatically increase tuition fees. That decision effectively amounted to overturning a landmark preliminary ruling of the French constitutional court, the Conseil Constitutionnel. Continue reading >>
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