The Transformation of European Climate Litigation
In a transformative moment for European and global climate litigation, the European Court of Human Rights has ruled for the first time in its history that inadequate climate mitigation measures violate human rights. The implications are far-reaching, both in Europe and beyond. This joint blog debate with the Sabin Center for Climate Change Law assesses the Court's climate judgments from April 9 and discusses the implications for climate protection and climate litigation.
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Volume 6,Issues 1
April 2024
LATEST POSTS
Gaza, Artificial Intelligence, and Kill Lists
The Israeli army has developed an artificial intelligence-based system called “Lavender”. This approach promises faster and more accurate targeting; however, human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch (HRW) and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) have warned of deficits in responsibility for violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). In the following, we will examine these concerns and show how responsibility for violations of IHL remains attributable to a state that uses automated or semi-automated systems in warfare.
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Litigating the EU-Turkey Deal
Earlier this year three Dutch NGOs sued the Netherlands for approving and carrying out the EU-Turkey deal. They argue that the Dutch government should be held responsible for the dire conditions under which asylum seekers have been held under on Greek islands since the deal has been concluded, which have repeatedly been found to violate human rights. In this blog, I sketch the context of litigation surrounding the EU-Turkey deal which has driven the NGOs to sue in the Dutch national legal system and explain the promise and pitfalls of the rise of strategic litigation in the sphere of migration and asylum law.
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Antidiskriminierungsklauseln im Zuwendungs- und Förderungsrecht
Der Berliner Senat lässt sich nicht beirren vom Scheitern der Antisemitismusklausel des Berliner Kultursenators Chialo für die Förderung von Kunst. Nun erwägt er, sein Zuwendungsrecht insgesamt so zu ändern, dass die Vergabe von Zuwendungen an bestimmte Auflagen und Auswahlkriterien geknüpft wird. Das Ziel, mit staatlichen Geldern nicht Antisemitismus zu fördern, ist wichtig und begrüßenswert. Eine Regelung im Rahmen des Zuwendungsrechts stößt freilich auf verfassungsrechtliche Bedenken, die die uns bekannten bisherigen Stellungnahmen nur unzureichend berücksichtigen.
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Upgrading Environmental Rights
In Community of La Oroya v. Peru the IACtHR for the first time found a violation of the autonomous right to a healthy environment in a non-indigenous context related to the long-lasting environmental contamination of a community by toxic substances. La Oroya lays foundational principles that will likely shape the content and direction of environmental and climate change litigation and jurisprudence in the Americas. This historic judgment provides a robust basis for anticipating how the Court will handle the specification of environmental rights within the climate emergency and how it may accordingly inform States’ human rights obligations.
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La Oroya and Inter-American Innovations on the Right to a Healthy Environment
In La Oroya v. Peru, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights declared Peru responsible for violating several rights, including the right to a healthy environment, due to the environmental degradation and health crises in La Oroya—one of the world’s most polluted cities. Regarding the right to a healthy environment, the Court addresses for the first time pollution in air, water, and soil—marking a departure from previous cases that primarily focused on communal property rights and deforestation—and even goes as far as to refer to the right to a healthy environment as jus cogens. Such innovations would have not been possible without the ever-expanding horizon of Inter-American case law and approaches.
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What Does the European Court of Human Rights’ First Climate Change Decision Mean for Climate Policy?
On 9 April the European Court of Human Rights issued its first ever comprehensive decision in a climate litigation case. The ECtHR has set out clear directions for member states to follow to align their climate policies with human rights obligations. Domestic legislators across Europe must give these requirements serious consideration to ensure their climate laws not only meet these minimum standards but also effectively contribute to global climate goals. This is imperative for both environmental sustainability and the protection of fundamental human rights that climate change is affecting.
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Männer- statt Minderjährigenschutz
Wie man mit Minderjährigenehen umgehen soll, sorgt seit Jahren für Diskussionen. Seit 2017 sind sie in Deutschland unwirksam, wenn einer der Ehegatten zum Zeitpunkt der Eheschließung unter 16 Jahre alt war. Das soll die Ächtung von Minderjährigenehen zum Ausdruck bringen, führt aber zu erheblichen Problemen für die betroffenen Minderjährigen. Denn ihnen wird auf diese Weise der Schutz des Eherechts vorenthalten. Auch der aktuelle Gesetzentwurf hilft ihnen kaum.
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The New Transgender Ruling in Czechia
In a recent decision in the case of N.G. (Pl. ÚS 52/23), the Czech Constitutional Court (CCC) addressed the pressing issue of trans persons’ rights, more specifically the requirements for legal gender reassignment, involving (often involuntary) sterilisation and castration. When compared to the earlier decision in T.H. (Pl. ÚS 2/20), the new ruling represents a major shift. In fact, the CCC changed its legal position by 180 degrees, giving preference to protecting individual rights over deferring to the legislator’s choices.
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Bend it like Britain?
After months of parliamentary ping-pong, the UK Parliament passed the “Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Act” in late April. Not even two weeks later, 66 persons were detained to be deported to Rwanda, and the FDA launched an unprecedented legal action before the High Court, claiming the Act conflicts with the Civil Service Code obligation to “uphold the rule of law and administration of justice.” By seeking to avoid the prohibition of refoulement, the Act undermines both core principles of the rule of law and disapplies fundamental human rights protections. This blog post discusses key provisions of the new Act, the concerns they raise and some remaining avenues for legal challenges.
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Half-baked decision
Der Bundesgerichtshof hat kürzlich entschieden (BGH 1 StR 106/24), dass sein Begriffsverständnis zur „nicht geringen Menge“ im Betäubungsmittelgesetz (7,5 g THC) pauschal auf die wortgleiche Neuregelung im Konsumcannabisgesetz zu übertragen sei. Dies stellt eine nach Art. 103 Abs. 2 GG unzulässige Analogie dar und überschreitet damit die Grenze zulässiger Auslegung im Strafrecht. Denn eine nicht geringe Menge THC kann nicht mit einer nicht geringen Menge Cannabispflanzen, um deren Besitz es in der Entscheidung ging, gleichgesetzt werden.
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A “Me too” Movement in the Equestrian Arena?
“Never look a gift horse in the mouth” is a well-known saying, yet the proverb might recently have gained new meaning. Just before the recent World Cup finals in dressage and show jumping in Riyad, there were reports about horses with blue tongues in the dressage sport. These non-human athletes did not get enough air, presumably due to overly tight bridles and excessive pressure applied by their riders. Currently, animal protection is not sufficiently harmonized and enforced in the EU, but there are reasons to be hopeful. The EU should take the lead and require member States to implement comprehensive animal protection systems.
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Climate, Constitution and Party Politics
Recent developments in Scotland in relation to climate targets have presented interesting questions for both constitutional and climate law. After proudly announcing itself as a nation with world-leading targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and giving these legally binding status, now that it has been realised that the 2030 target will not be reached, that target has been abandoned. In turn, this has been the catalyst for the break-up of the two-party arrangement that supported the government and the resignation of the First Minister who faced losing a vote of confidence.
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Challenges to Georgia‘s EU Integration: Is the Georgian ‘Russian Law 2.0’ contrary to the Georgian Constitution?
The so-called Euro-Atlantic provisions have been inserted into the Georgian constitution in 2018 and aim “to ensure the full integration of Georgia into the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization“.The Georgian draft law ‘On Transparency of Foreign Influence’, the so-called ‘Russian Law 2.0’, is likely to be contrary to those Euro-Atlantic provisions in the Georgian Constitution. Georgia has EU candidate status since late 2023. According to statements by EU representatives, the law is incompatible with Georgia’s EU aspirations. If the law is passed by Parliament, despite ongoing pro-Western protests in the streets of Tbilisi, it remains to be seen what the constitutional Court will make of it, and whether Russian influence can be contained by the Court, which is itself, under pro-Russian political influence.
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The Autocratic Party-Structure of PiS
Political parties are the heart of every parliamentary democracy. This post aims to explore what categorises political party-structure as autocratic and postulates a reform of political parties in Poland as partially inspired by German legal solutions. Namely, the main executive body of the party must consist of at least three members elected no less frequently than every two years. Furthermore, all party members must be allowed to propose electoral candidates. Finally, decisions on party offices and electoral nominations must be carried out by a secret ballot.
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Bertha Maria Júlia Lutz
Bertha Maria Júlia Lutz was an acknowledged scientist, a women’s rights activist, a politician, and a diplomat. Mostly known for being one of four women to sign the United Nations Charter in 1945 and assuring the inclusion of the rights of women in its preamble, she also played a vital role in attaining women’s suffrage in Brazil.
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On the border, the war is relatively close
500 meters away from Poland.
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Doppelt hält besser
Der „Hüter der Verfassung“ muss besser behütet werden – darüber besteht in der aktuellen Debatte weitgehende Einigkeit. Der vorzugswürdige Lösungsweg besteht in einer intensivierten Einbindung des Bundesrats. Die Repräsentation der Länder sorgt für demokratische Legitimation des Gerichts und eignet sich als Ersatzventil für eine Richterwahl, die im Bundestag durch eine Sperrminorität blockiert wurde. Zudem ist die Einführung einer Zustimmungspflicht bei Änderungen am BVerfGG sachgerecht, um die Rechtsgrundlage des Verfassungsgerichts vor einer destruktiven Bundestagsmehrheit zu schützen.
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Die Voraussetzungen fördern oder „How Democracies Survive“
Das Böckenförde-Diktum ist so ein Satz, auf den sich auch in unsicheren Zeiten viele einigen können. Statt sich in ständiger Reproduktion des „Böckenförde-Diktums“ und gekünstelter Neutralität auf der Stelle zu drehen und dabei allenfalls „midcult“ zu betreiben, sollten auch die Verantwortlichen im Bereich der Demokratieförderung diese Tiefe endlich ausschöpfen. Die Strukturentscheidungen des Grundgesetzes sind als Aufruf dafür zu verstehen.
Continue reading >>Legalising Illegality
Following Russia’s on-going facilitation of migrants to the Finnish border since last fall, Finland’s newly formed right-wing coalition government has closed the eastern land border indefinitely on 4 April 2024. Worried that this step will not be enough to ensure national security, the government is finalising a Draft Act on Temporary Measures to Combat Instrumentalised Migration, currently under revision.The draft bill allows for pushbacks in violation of non-refoulement and openly admits a conflict with Finland’s human rights obligations, EU law and own constitutional system, which is unusual. The unprecedented nature of the proposed measures is particularly worrying given that the Act appears unlikely to effectively address the essentially political problem that “migrant instrumentalisation” poses.
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