Wahlstation beim Verfassungsblog
Für kluge und engagierte Rechtsreferendar_innen (m/w/*) haben wir in unserem neuen Büro in Berlin-Kreuzberg ab sofort einen Schreibtisch frei.
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Endlich mehr Strategiefähigkeit in der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik
Deutschland soll laut Koalitionsvertrag von CDU/CSU und SPD einen Nationalen Sicherheitsrat erhalten. Im Koalitionsvertrag sind jedoch Rolle und Funktion der neuen Institution nur unscharf umrissen, weswegen viele staatsorganisationsrechtliche Fragen offen bleiben. So muss etwa noch die Kompetenz, das Verhältnis zu bestehenden Institutionen und die Verortung des Personalbestandes eines Nationalen Sicherheitsrates geklärt werden. Vor dessen Schaffung sind somit noch politische Grundsatzentscheidungen zur gewollten politischen Hervorhebung und Funktion erforderlich.
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Was eine europäische Demokratie aushalten muss
Im Falle eines AfD-Verbots ist mit einem Beschwerdeverfahren nach Art. 34 EMRK zu rechnen, wodurch die völkerrechtlichen Maßstäbe für ein Verbotsverfahren virulent werden. Das BVerfG scheint von einem Gleichlauf zwischen der Potentialität mit dem pressing social need des EGMR auszugehen. Dass sich im Detail dennoch Unterschiede finden, sollte schon jetzt in den Überlegungen zum nationalen Verfahren eine Rolle spielen.
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Mirroring Society’s Struggles
The Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) stands as a central institution in the European legal and political landscape. Its judgments not only shape the trajectory of European integration but also reveal deeper EU Law Stories – ideological clashes, conflicting narratives and distributive consequences with the subtle emergence of winners and losers in each case. Yet, these dimensions often remain hidden behind the opaque language of the increasingly lengthy rulings and traditional doctrinal analysis.
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Local Meanings of EU Law
Law can be viewed not as a universal (or European) science but, following Geertz, as local knowledge. To illustrate the relevance of this perspective for understanding EU law, its effects, and the limits of integration through law, this text draws on the findings of a “classical” comparative study on the application of proportionality as an EU law principle in three national contexts: France, England, and Greece. This type of approach has the potential to evolve – and indeed is already evolving – into an interdisciplinary exploration of the diverse ways in which EU law is understood, applied, and experienced in settings as varied as the Paagalayiri market in Ouagadougou, the train-line connection between Paris and Marseille, or the camp of Moria on Lesvos.
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(De)coloniality and EU Legal Studies
In EU legal studies, time, space, place, and knowledge are locations for contestation, deliberation and reconstruction. Other submissions in this symposium have elaborated on the limitations in understanding and accounting for the ‘what was’ as a fundamental blind spot of EU law. Extending from this starting point, I will show how decolonial approaches can bridge the gap between history, theory, and action, offering practical and alternative solutions for reconciliation. To do so, I will use the rule of law as one such site for contestation.
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Gesichert rechtsextremistisch, gesichert verboten?
Das Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz hat die AfD als eine „gesichert rechtsextremistische Bestrebung“ eingestuft. Nach einer Pressemitteilung kommt die Behörde zu dem Ergebnis, dass in der AfD als Gesamtpartei ein „ethnisch-abstammungsmäßige[s] Volksverständnis“ vorherrsche, das mit der Menschenwürdegarantie des Grundgesetzes nicht vereinbar sei. Seitdem wird über ein AfD-Verbot diskutiert, oft ohne zwischen den rechtlichen Anforderungen für die Einstufung einerseits und für das Parteiverbot andererseits zu unterscheiden. Bei der Einstufung einer Partei durch das Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz handelt es sich allerdings nur um eine behördliche Einschätzung, die für ein etwaiges Parteiverbotsverfahren keine Bindungswirkung hat.
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The Human Factor in EU Law
This post emphasizes the human factor as a critical method of analysis for legal scholars specializing in European Union law. The aim is to critically analyse the evolution of the rules governing the CJEU, shedding light on its composition, organization, and functioning, while also proposing reform initiatives. Some of these reforms prioritize greater transparency within the CJEU. Furthermore, by focusing on the human factor in EU law, this method reveals how individuals are positioned within the institution, helping to identify potential phenomena of invisibility or exclusion in decision-making processes.
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It’s solidarity, stupid!
Few cases have triggered as stark reactions as Commission v Malta. In the ruling’s aftermath, many legal scholars and practitioners were quick to discard the decision. While the ruling is bold, innovative, and goes far beyond established precedent, the Court’s reasoning remains brief, ambiguous, in some parts even obscure and sibylline. Yet, most of the Court’s “great” judgments have left room for interpretation. No doubt, Commission v Malta will be subject to many, very different, affirmative or critical interpretations. In the following, I will provide one – of several possible! – readings, which seeks to square the ruling with constitutional reasoning.
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Longing for Safety before the European Court of Justice
On 10 April 2025, Advocate General de la Tour delivered his Advisory Opinion in the joined cases Alace and Canpelli dealing with the powers of Italy – and, by extension, other EU Member States – to legislate on what constitutes a “safe third country” and a “safe country of origin”. The AG confirmed that Italy can list a third country as “safe” when it is “generally” deemed as such, provided that this designation is compliant with EU law. This piece discusses how the human rights of applicants seeking international protection are likely to be hindered by this approach.
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The Silent Engine of European Citizenship
In its ruling on 29 April 2025 in Case C-181/23 Commission v Malta, the Grand Chamber held that Malta’s investor citizenship scheme, which grants Maltese nationality in exchange for predetermined payments or investments, was contrary to EU law. Although the judgment has been criticised (perhaps not without reason) for its lack of doctrinal foundation, it does demonstrate that the EU principle of mutual trust has constitutional character and is normatively capable of challenging national administrative mechanisms, such as the Maltese naturalisation scheme, that are incompatible with the values in Art. 2 TEU.
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The “Crisis of Critique” in EU Law
Critique has become one of the latest buzzwords in EU legal studies. Who, after all, would not want to be identified as a critical scholar if the danger is that one’s work might otherwise be labelled as reactionary, unsophisticated, naïve or whatever other signifier could be used to demolish the value of scholarly enterprise? But the down-side of this growing interest in being critical as an EU law scholar is that the idea of critique itself is in danger of becoming inflated.
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Ongoing Controversies over Methods in EU Law
Since the publication of last year’s symposium “Controversies over Methods in EU Law”, methodological issues are still pervading contemporary debates in EU law. These ongoing controversies over methods in EU law reflect a broader rethinking of the discipline, influenced by multiple crises in the European Union. These crises have led scholars to question their relationship with the European institutions, which have been central to the development of the core concepts of EU law and of EU law as a disciplinary field.
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Zwischen Deutung und Hoheit
Bei der konstituierenden Sitzung des neu gewählten Bundestags trug die Abgeordnete Cansin Köktürk eine „Kufiya“ um den Hals geknotet. Dagegen haben sich drei Abgeordnete an Bundestagspräsidentin Julia Klöckner gewandt. Verletzt die Kufiya die Geschäftsordnung des Bundestages und die Würde des Hauses? Das Grundgesetz sagt dazu nichts. Deshalb werden entsprechende Fälle über einzelfallbezogene Ordnungsmaßnahmen gelöst. Dabei kann sich der Maßstab jedoch erheblich unterscheiden, je nachdem, welche Bedeutung dem Symbol zugeschrieben werden kann. Es bedarf deshalb einer grundlegenden Auseinandersetzung mit der juristischen Methodik der Symboldeutung.
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Anatomy of a Fall
On 11 February 2025, the Commission published its 2025 work programme and revealed the likely withdrawal of the Proposal for an Artificial Intelligence Liability Directive (‘AILD proposal’), citing “no foreseeable agreement” among Member States. This blog post highlights the proposed AILD’s main merits and shortcomings and it explores the implications of its likely withdrawal for EU tech regulation by clarifying the interplay between AI liability rules, the AI Act, and the PLD.
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What is Citizenship For?
Last week, the CJEU declared Malta’s citizenship for investment scheme incompatible with EU law. Setting aside the evidently highly questionable quality and defensibility of the Court’s legal reasoning, the decision clearly casts Union citizenship as a status constituted by meanings and norms specific to the European Union as a normative legal project. What are we to make of this conception of citizenship, and its use by the Court to strike down citizenship for investment schemes?
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Trump 2.0 as ‘Dual State’?
Donald Trump’s radicalized efforts to transform US constitutional democracy into personalized executive-centered rule have again generated a predictable avalanche of invocations of Carl Schmitt. Less predictably, recent political commentators have turned to one of Schmitt’s contemporary critics, the mid-century socialist jurist and political scientist, Ernst Fraenkel, claiming that his account of the Nazi “dual state,” in which rule-based normative and discretionary prerogative legal spheres uneasily coexisted, provides a useful template for making sense of Trump 2.0’s highly selective rendition of legal fidelity.
Continue reading >>Netto, neutral, egal?
Seit Ende März berechtigt ein neuer Art. 143h GG den Bund dazu, Sondervermögen u.a. „für zusätzliche Investitionen zur Erreichung der Klimaneutralität bis zum Jahr 2045“ zu errichten. Wir wollen die „Klimaneutralität“ im neuen Art. 143h GG zum Anlass nehmen, um zu reflektieren, ob zentrale klimapolitische Konzepte vom Gesetzgeber und von der Rechtsprechung wissenschaftlich sinnvoll zur Anwendung gebracht wurden. Damit geht es uns letztlich um die Frage, welche Bedeutung dem Konzept der Klimaneutralität im Recht zugewiesen wird und werden sollte – also um das Verhältnis von Klimawissenschaft und Klimapolitik im Recht.
Continue reading >>Why bother with legal reasoning?
Hindsight can make one look naive. Following the Opinion of Advocate General Collins in Commission v Malta, I argued that ‘the rhetorical battle over citizenship by investment has been won by the EU institutions’ but that ‘emotions and rhetoric alone should not decide legal battles’. Of course, I should have known better: the central dogma on which a large lineage of EU citizenship cases rests – that EU citizenship is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals – is a rhetorical device without basis in EU law. And once again, in the Commission v Malta ruling of 29 April 2025, on whether Malta was in breach of its obligations under EU law by maintaining and promoting a citizenship by investment (CBI) scheme, the Court prioritised rhetoric and political expediency over solid legal argumentation.
Continue reading >>EU Citizenship’s New Essentialism
The Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that the Maltese citizenship by investment violates EU law. The Court thereby hints – for the first time – that EU citizenship bond is not only legal in nature. Citizenship has suddenly become a legal but also some other connection between a person and the state. In other words, the law is not enough to make one a citizen, as any such citizenship might fall short of ‘solidarity and good faith’ test at the EU level. This newly-invented extra-legal rule put thousands of Europeans in limbo. This blog will locate some key steps marking this development and offer a possible presentation of the recent decades of EU law in three broad steps, to show how we got where we are.
Continue reading >>Criminalising Boycott Calls
Can a call for boycott ever amount to hate speech? In an era of deepening political divides, the question is increasingly influenced by geopolitics rather than human rights law: The Turkish government's criminalization of boycott calls in response to protests against political repression highlights the dangers of weaponizing hate speech laws, echoing a global double standard that undermines the universal application of human rights protections.
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Falsches Vertrauen
Die Rechtstaatlichkeit der Türkei ist in den letzten Wochen erneut unter starken Beschuss gekommen. Aus Deutschland folgen jedoch weiterhin keine Konsequenzen. Wenn der Grundsatz des gegenseitigen Vertrauens im Auslieferungsrecht nicht ständig überprüft wird, gefährdet dies die Integrität der Justiz. Eine Aussetzung von Auslieferungen in die Türkei könnte dem Rechtsstaatsbedürfnis beider Länder dienen und eine längst überfällige Neubewertung der justiziellen Bedingungen anstoßen.
Continue reading >>All This for «Primacy»?
There is hardly any clearer picture of the “tragic” pitfall in which the EU languishes than the last evolutions of the rule of law’s saga, the most recent of which is the C-448/23 case pending before the ECJ. The AG’s Opinion delivered on March 11th shows signs of the decline the EU suffers for the multiple crises occurred and for its reluctance to tackle politically, and open-mindedly, the manifold interrogatives that follow.
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Elisabeth Mann Borgese
In public international law circles, especially those indulging in the law of the sea, Elisabeth Mann Borgese, the youngest daughter born to German Nobel Prize-winning novelist Thomas Mann in 1918, is perhaps best known for her pioneering work on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Her convictions and contributions to the UNCLOS focused on social justice, equitable access to resources, and environmental protection. By offering a glimpse into her contributions to the UNCLOS, this post highlights how Elisabeth Mann Borgese’s ideology – influenced in part by her cautious feminist beliefs – permeates her legacy.
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Harvard Under Attack
Since Donald Trump took office as the 47th President of the United States of America, hardly a week has gone by without academic institutions coming under attack. The U.S. government is now claiming that Harvard - and other universities - are violating Title VI of the Civil Rights Act by serving as “breeding grounds for anti-Semitism”. This raises numerous constitutional questions.
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Volksverhetzung und die Entziehung des passiven Wahlrechts
Ein neuer Vorstoß zur Verschärfung des Volksverhetzungsparagrafen wirft heikle Fragen zur Grenze zwischen Strafrecht und Meinungsfreiheit auf. Wird das passive Wahlrecht an politisch aufgeladene Tatbestände geknüpft, droht ein gefährlicher Präzedenzfall - mit weitreichenden Folgen für die politische Teilhabe und das Vertrauen in den Rechtsstaat. Gerade der Umgang mit § 130 StGB erfordert deshalb juristische Zurückhaltung und ein gefestigtes Verständnis demokratischer Resilienz.
Continue reading >>Popular Struggle for Democracy in Indonesia
In Indonesia, newly elected President Prabowo Subianto is facing nationwide protests against his democracy-eroding policies. As institutional checks and balances are gradually being dismantled from within and the executive continues to accumulate power, the “Dark Indonesia” protest movement highlights the importance of a critical civil society in safeguarding a country’s democracy.
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The EU Free Market Does Not Extend to Citizenship
In the landmark Commission v Malta judgment of 29 April 2025, the European Union Court of Justice outlawed the “commercialisation” of EU citizenship, closing a door for corrupt actors. The Grand Chamber judgment not only bars the Maltese practice at issue, but also casts doubt on the legality of citizenship grants under that and similar schemes, while raising legal arguments for would-be citizens to challenge discriminatory laws.
Continue reading >>Diabolus Advocati
Der Überfluss an verfassungsrechtlichen Sünden der Trump-Administration kaschiert manchmal die Unbegreiflichkeit der einzelnen Tat. Ein Baustein des Angriffs auf den Rechtstaat in seiner Gesamtheit ist der Feldzug der Regierung gegen bestimmte Anwaltskanzleien. Die Vorgänge werfen nicht nur berufsrechtliche Fragestellungen im Hinblick auf die in Deutschland zugelassenen Rechtsanwälte dieser Kanzleien auf – sondern auch nach der Resilienz der Anwaltschaft in Deutschland. Eine sinnvolle Resilienzmaßnahme wäre eine Verankerung der Anwaltschaft im Grundgesetz.
Continue reading >>The Legal Authority (or Lack Thereof) for Trump’s Tariffs
The Trump tariffs have increased the average weighted U.S. tariff to 23% – a ten-fold increase from a year ago. Outside observers have been puzzled about how one person, even the U.S. president, has the power to single-handedly enact such sweeping changes to the U.S. and global economy. In fact, President Trump may not – and in my view, does not – have the power to impose most of his tariffs.
Continue reading >>Harvard Under Attack
Seit dem Amtsantritt von Donald Trump als 47. Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika vergeht kaum eine Woche, in der wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen nicht attackiert werden. Die US-Regierung macht nun geltend, dass Harvard – und andere Universitäten – gegen Title VI des Civil Rights Acts verstießen, indem sie als „Brutstätten für Antisemitismus“ dienten. Das wirft allerlei verfassungsrechtliche Fragen auf.
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Mehr Schein als Schutz
Im Kampf gegen geschlechtsspezifische Gewalt setzt die neue Bundesregierung vor allem auf strafrechtliche und sicherheitspolitische Maßnahmen. Eine feministische Analyse zeigt jedoch, dass diese Ansätze häufig an Symptomen statt an den Ursachen gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheiten ansetzen und staatliche Kontrollmechanismen unreflektiert verstärken können. Insgesamt bleiben die geplanten Maßnahmen vielfach unkonkret und greifen strukturelle Probleme unzureichend auf.
Continue reading >>The (TikTok) Ban Is Dead, Long Live the Ban
In 2024, amidst social unrest, the French government banned TikTok in Kanaky-New Caledonia. In April 2025, the Council of State reviewed the ban. This post examines the implications of the judgment through the lens of the legal doctrine on emergency powers – particularly its impact on the separation of powers – and situates it within the broader context of Kanaky-New Caledonia’s ongoing decolonization process from France.
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Outrage Matters
Is the Supreme Court of the United States Getting Fed up with Donald Trump?
Continue reading >>(de) la Tour fait le cavalier
On 3 April 2025, AG de la Tour handed down his Opinion in C-713/23, Wojewoda Mazowiecki, a case concerning the recognition and transcription of same-sex marriage contracted in another Member State between two nationals of the State where recognition was sought. The Opinion states that Member States where same-sex marriage is not permitted must recognise a family bond lawfully established in another Member State. Yet, akin to a knight’s leap in chess, the Opinion sidestepped the question of marriage transcription with a reasoning that does not seem entirely convincing.
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Balancing Intellectual Property Protection with the Human Right to a Healthy Environment
This contribution examines the practical ways in which the human right to a healthy environment (HR2HE) can influence the development and interpretation of intellectual property (IP) laws. It focuses on two potential approaches to reconciling this human right with IP: (1) the so-called “internal” reconciliation approach, which essentially uses the HR2HE as an interpretive tool to recalibrate IP law’s own internal rules and mechanisms in a more sustainability-friendly direction, and (2) the “external” reconciliation approach, which views the HR2HE as an independent defence against IP infringement actions that can be invoked in courts to challenge allegations of IP infringement.
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Narrowing the Estonian Electorate
On 26 March 2025, the Parliament of the Republic of Estonia amended the composition of the electorate for local government elections. Prior to this amendment, the Constitution had granted voting rights in local elections to all permanent residents of a municipality. A significant portion of these voters were citizens of the Russian Federation or Belarus, or stateless persons originating from these states. The decision to revise the electorate was driven by the Russian Federation’s war of aggression in Ukraine, and increasing influence operations in both Estonia and Europe more broadly.
Continue reading >>Greenforcement of Intellectual Property Rights
The current practice of enforcement of intellectual property rights impacts the environment in many ways. There is increasing recognition of the pressing need for more human and environmentally friendly alternative remedies, such as donating goods to charity, removing infringing signs or parts, or disposing of the goods outside the EEA/EU. The question is whether and to what extent the legal framework leaves room for ecologically sustainable alternatives to disposing of and destroying IPR-infringing goods.
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Criminalising the Legal Profession
Lawyers and bar associations in Turkey have long faced political and legal pressure. The court case against the Istanbul Bar Association that led to the dismissal of its executive board and the criminal prosecution of board members is another troubling instance of such pressure. The case exemplifies how authoritarian regimes increasingly criminalise lawyers and professional organisations that speak out against rights violations.
Continue reading >>Back to Binary Basics
On April 16 2025, the UK Supreme Court delivered its decision on a fundamental question regarding the interpretation of the terms “sex” and “woman” under the Equality Act. The Court unanimously held that, under the Equaliy Act, the meaning of the word “woman” must be restricted to “biological” women, and does not include trans women, even those who have legally changed their gender under the Gender Recognition Act. The decision risks undermining the UK’s equality law framework and marks a troubling regression in gender rights.
Continue reading >>Patents and the Right to a Healthy Environment
How may patent law contribute to or hinder the technologies and innovation needed to conserve a healthy environment? This brief contribution seeks to make two points in this respect. The first is that the role patent law can play on its own should not be overestimated. The second is that future studies in this direction should take an innovation systems approach. While neither point is new, I believe connecting them and building on key publications that first expressed them serves as a useful agenda for future research in this field.
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“The Existence of the ICC Is Largely Due to the Traditions and Experiences of Latin American Countries”
In an exclusive interview, our partner Agenda Estado de Derecho spoke with Osvaldo Zavala Giler, the first Latin American to assume the position of Registrar of the International Criminal Court, who grants us access to the fascinating and challenging world of international criminal justice. From the operational core of the Court, Zavala leads efforts to ensure that this institution, responsible for adjudicating the most atrocious crimes, operates effectively within an increasingly complex global landscape.
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Migration und Asyl im Koalitionsvertrag
Friedrich Merz bekam mehr als gewollt: Aus dem „Fünf-Punkte-Plan“ des Wahlkampfs wurden 17 Einzelvorhaben im Migrationskapitel des Koalitionsvertrags zwischen CDU, CSU und SPD. Doch liefert der künftige Kanzler damit auch die „grundsätzliche Wende“ und den „Stopp der illegalen Migration“, die sein Wahlprogramm vollmundig versprochen hatte? Kurzfristig hängt das davon ab, welches von zwei Szenarien eintritt, wenn künftig Asylbewerber an der Grenze zurückgewiesen werden.
Continue reading >>Copyright Moral Rights Protection and Environmental Sustainability
When we talk about intellectual property (IP) and sustainability, we rarely pay attention to the moral rights of authors. However, it is important to assess these ‘authors-only’ rights in a world where copyright is often used as a tool to maximise corporate profits. In terms of sustainable development, moral rights can both promote and hinder environmental, social and cultural sustainability in the creative industries. However, their relationship with sustainable development is not straightforward. This blog post looks at some of the key issues that link the protection of moral rights in copyright to sustainable development and the circular economy.
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In the Name of Primacy
In 1973, Pierre Pescatore noted that “[P]rimacy is an ‘existential requirement’ of EU law”. The Opinion of AG Spielmann in Case C-448/23 (Commission v. Poland), delivered on 11 March 2025, opens with this harsh observation. His difficult task is to frame in legal terms the two essentially political rulings delivered by the Polish Constitutional Tribunal in 2021, where – notoriously – the “captured” domestic court refused to adhere to the most basic principles governing the relationship between national and EU law. This requires adjustments in the current vocabulary of the Luxembourg judges.
Continue reading >>Big Tech Antitrust Scrutiny Across the Atlantic
As Europeans await the European Commission’s enforcement of new tech rules, recent developments in the U.S. remind us that Big Tech scrutiny has been a transatlantic concern. On April 14, 2025, a trial began at the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, where the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is challenging Meta’s acquisitions of WhatsApp and Instagram under U.S. antitrust laws. This landmark case raises novel legal issues about mergers that were previously cleared a decade ago and highlights U.S. enforcers’ continued efforts to curb Big Tech power.
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Reforming the Legislature in Bangladesh
Bangladesh’s political journey since gaining independence in 1971 has shifted back and forth between democratic aspirations and periods of authoritarian rule. The country now stands at a crossroads again after its authoritarian leader, Sheikh Hasina, was ousted after popular protests last year. Tasked with the mandate of “rebooting democracy”, the Constitutional Reform Commission has proposed sweeping changes, including restructuring the legislature from a parliamentary to a semi-parliamentary system with moderation.
Continue reading >>Grundlegende Reform oder Schnellschuss?
Im März 2025 haben der Deutsche Bundestag und der Bundesrat einer Änderung des Grundgesetzes zugestimmt. Das am 24. März 2025 im Bundesgesetzblatt verkündete Gesetz sieht unter anderem vor, dass für Bund und Länder in den nächsten Jahren erhebliche neue Gestaltungs- und Verschuldungsspielräume entstehen sollen. Die Änderungen, die nach dem Entwurf des Koalitionsvertrages wohl noch nicht das Ende der Reformbemühungen darstellen, weisen einige offene Fragen und sprachliche Ungenauigkeiten auf, die Bund und Länder einfachgesetzlich weiter bearbeiten müssen.
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