Wahlstation beim Verfassungsblog
Für kluge und engagierte Rechtsreferendar_innen (m/w/*) haben wir in unserem neuen Büro in Berlin-Kreuzberg ab sofort einen Schreibtisch frei.
Continue reading >>
The Return of Not-Quite “Phantom Experts”?
On Monday, 2 December 2024, the much anticipated hearing began in the Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change advisory proceedings before the International Court of Justice. Less than a week before the start of the hearing, the Court issued a brief and unusual press release about a meeting that it held with scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The Court’s decision to meet privately with the scientists raises questions about the Court’s procedures and its approach to evidence. Above all, it is unclear why the Court decided to consult with the IPCC scientists in a closed meeting rather than eliciting testimony from these individuals as part of the formal, public hearing.
Continue reading >>
Eine Schwangerschaft, eine Beziehung
Aktuell liegt ein fraktionsübergreifender Gesetzentwurf zum Schwangerschaftsabbruch vor, der eine begrenzte Liberalisierung des deutschen Rechts vorsieht. Kritiker*innen werfen dem Entwurf vor, einseitig die Rechte der schwangeren Frau gegenüber dem ungeborenen Leben durchzusetzen. Diese Kritiken zeigen die Schwangerschaft fälschlicherweise als Konflikt zwischen zwei antagonistischen Individuen. Schwangerschaft ist ein komplexer Entwicklungsprozess, der tiefgreifend die Identität der Schwangeren berührt und von der Beziehung zwischen Schwangeren und Ungeborenem geprägt ist.
Continue reading >>A Right to Anonymity in the Digital Age
Although digital anonymity is associated with a wide range of opportunities, it also stands in the way of successful criminal prosecution. The right to respect private and family life under the the EU Charter as well as the right to protection of personal data are of fundamental importance for natural persons. However, since life is increasingly taking place online, anonymity can be exploited to spread hate, discriminatory content, and fake news. Considering these risks, the ECJ has opened the door to data retention in Europe and thereby restricted digital anonymity.
Continue reading >>Data Retention Laws and La Quadrature du Net II
La Quadrature du Net II has been criticized for allowing generalized metadata retention measures. However, it is important not to lose sight of the fact that the law must not become a mechanism for protecting criminals. The scale of online rights violations are a real problem. P2P networks are not only a threat to copyright protection, but also an environment for the distribution of content related to serious crime. It is therefore necessary to strike a balance between these two concerns and to propose solutions that adequately protect users without guaranteeing impunity for criminals.
Continue reading >>
Squaring the Circle
La Quadrature du Net II, which allows for the general retention of IP addresses to combat copyright infringements committed online, should not be viewed as carte blanche for general data retention measures by the Member States. Instead of watering down fundamental rights protection on a case-by-case approach, Member States should agree on guarantees and safeguards as well as a list of serious crimes allowing only the restricted use of targeted data retention in specific cases.
Continue reading >>
The Challenges of Nuance
Five Questions to Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Continue reading >>
Die Mühen der Differenzierung
Fünf Fragen an Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Continue reading >>
New Media, New Data and a Dark Foreboding
After the major shift in surveillance practices from state power and control to big tech corporations and monetisation, we are currently witnessing yet another Zeitenwende: Surveillance practices as a means of hybrid warfare, with the AI-driven vision of accessing what people think and feel. This type of surveillance produces knowledge that not only claims to reveal what people are likely to do in the future but also what they feel and think. The consequences of this epistemological bending are potentially grave.
Continue reading >>Testing the Waters of Private Data Pools
Nowadays, data is mostly collected not by state actors but by businesses. In 2010, the German Constitutional Court held that the legislator has to evaluate the overall level of surveillance in Germany before enacting new data retention obligations. In light of the recent rejuvenised discussions about data retention and a general surveillance account, this text explores whether such an account needs to consider private data pools and what is required for a successful evaluation.
Continue reading >>Compensation for Victims of Violent Crimes
On 7 November 2024, the CJEU provided clarifications for building a cohesive EU-wide framework for compensating crime victims. The ruling not only curtails Member States’ discretion in interpreting key concepts that are critical to defining eligibility for compensation, but it also strengthens the interplay between the Compensation Directive and the Victims’ Rights Directive. This judgment reinforces the the harmonized definition of victim established in Article 2 of the Victims’ Rights Directive, solidifying its status for determining those entitled to victim’s rights.
Continue reading >>
Data Retention in a Cross-Border Perspective
This blog post compares the European and US approach to metadata surveillance and highlights some challenges that arise therefrom. It aims at shedding light on the main legal issues that may arise for the future of global counterterrorism. The essential role of courts in striking and keeping a balance between security and protection of human rights is further examined in light of the judgement in La Quadrature du Net II. Efforts should be made to avoid that the economic power of the US would lower the privacy standards when it comes to metadata surveillance.
Continue reading >>
The Long and Winding Road
The Court of Justice’s Quadrature du Net judgements mark another key moment in the complex and long-lasting legal debate on mass data retention in the European Union. This blogpost critically discusses the “constitutionalisation path” outlined by the EU Judges as well as the fragmented roads taken by Member States, with specific attention to Italy. Ultimately, it demonstrates the need for a decisive EU legislators’ intervention, able to draw the future path of data retention regimes.
Continue reading >>
The Future of GDPR Enforcement
The ongoing trilogue negotiations on the GDPR procedural regulation aim to address significant enforcement shortcomings. From strengthening complainants' rights to harmonising Data Protection Authorities' discretion and improving cross-border cooperation, these discussions carry major implications for data protection in Europe. This analysis highlights the urgent need for reforms to ensure effective and fair enforcement.
Continue reading >>
Rechtswissenschaftliche Stellungnahme zu einem Parteiverbotsverfahren gegen die Alternative für Deutschland
Die Unterzeichnerinnen und Unterzeichner dieser Stellungnahme sind der Auffassung, dass ein Parteiverbotsverfahren gegen die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD), wie es etwa von 113 Abgeordneten in der Drs. 20/13750 beantragt wird, Aussicht auf Erfolg hat.
Continue reading >>Of Minor Benefits and Major Costs
Is general and indiscriminate data retention permissible under the EU fundamental rights framework? In La Quadrature du Net II, the Court tilts the metaphorical scale towards data retention. The take-away could contribute to the enlargement of privatised surveillance that rests on a generalised pre-emptive data retention scheme. The ECJ’s findings could cement intrusive practices emerging from the counter-terrorism narrative to regular state practice at the expense of fundamental rights protection.
Continue reading >>
Who Let the Bots Out
As artificial intelligence revolutionizes modern warfare, systems like Israel’s Lavender and Ukraine’s Clearview AI are transforming combat with precision and efficiency. This advancement has sparked an urgent debate on the responsible use and governance of AI in military, with 57 countries signing the Political Declaration on AI’s military applications, urging adherence to international law. Central to this is the accountability – who is responsible when AI systems violate laws? This blog post argues that state responsibility for AI violations remains viable within existing legal frameworks.
Continue reading >>Prioritising Member States Over Citizens
The classic story about the right to privacy and data protection in the EU is one of a high level of protection. Yet, this original rosy image is increasingly fading away, most visibly in the La Quadrature du Net litigation, which is a continuation of two dynamics. First, the Court is still cleaning up the residual mess that lingers on from the now annulled Data Retention Directive. Second, in so doing, it is incrementally allowing the Member States indiscriminately retain personal data. Hence, the Court is carving out space for Member States’ preferences to the detriment of the protection of the individual.
Continue reading >>
Die Vorratsdatenspeicherung
Die jüngeren Urteile des EuGHs zur Vorratsdatenspeicherung sind nicht als „kopernikanische Wende“ zu verstehen, in der der EuGH sein Selbstverständnis als Grundrechtsgericht aufgegeben hätte. Sie sind keine autoritär motivierte Abkehr von einer vormals grundrechtsfreundlichen Rechtsprechung. Vielmehr fügen sich die Urteile ein in die komplexe Entwicklung des ursprünglich national geprägten Sicherheitsverfassungsrechts. Diese Einordnung bedarf eines genaueren Blickes.
Continue reading >>
Data Retention
The recent judgements of the CJEU on data retention should not be regarded as an authoritarian move towards a less fundamental rights-sensible position of the Court. Rather, the case law adapts the ever more complex development of the constitutional security law, which was originally dominated by the Member States. As a European court, the CJEU cannot simply ban certain police measures but must respect the complexity and heterogeneity of national law enforcement agencies.
Continue reading >>
The Silence of the Israeli Supreme Court Judges
The arrest warrants by the ICC for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former Defense Minister Yoav Gallant for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity are a red card for the Israeli legal system indicating grave doubts whether the Israeli legal system fulfills the complementarity requirement. Paradoxically, an indictment on the Israeli justice system arrives after the Israeli Supreme Court has recently fortified its position. Yet, the more the Court expanded its reach into the political arena, the less it could fulfill its core role of defending basic human rights.
Continue reading >>
Made-Up Principles
The Principles of the Treaty of Waitangi Bill sparked remarkable protest in Parliament itself where Māori lawmakers used haka, a traditional Māori dance form, demonstrating strength and unity (the video went viral). It was also a key focus of what was likely the largest political protest ever seen at New Zealand’s Parliament, with 40,000-50,000 people descending on Parliament grounds and the surrounding streets on 19 November 2024. The Bill is so controversial because it would mean a change to the way in which rights and obligations under the Treaty of Waitangi are recognised in New Zealand law.
Continue reading >>
Die Gewerbsmäßigkeit als Arme-Leute-Strafrecht
Wer von der wachsenden Armut in Deutschland betroffen ist, dem droht im Falle eines Strafverfahrens eine Ungleichbehandlung. Das Regelbeispiel der Gewerbsmäßigkeit als besonders schwerer Fall einer Straftat führt dazu, dass ein zentrales Versprechen des Rechtsstaats gebrochen wird. Es gibt keine Gleichheit vor dem Gesetz, wenn Armut straferhöhend wirkt.
Continue reading >>Protecting Victims Without Mass Surveillance
Mass data retention is on the rise. In the current heyday of security packages in Germany, we are now witnessing a “super grand coalition” in favor of mandatory IP address retention. Some are calling for greater protection for victims through data retention. Yet, what one often overlooks is the following: The investigative capacities of law enforcement authorities have never been better, and the digital data pools that can be analyzed have never been larger. Hence, victims must be protected without mass surveillance.
Continue reading >>
More Protection for Victims Through Data Retention
Mass data retention is all about proportionality. The threat level determines the proportionality of the means – both of which are subject to the perpetual flux of time. Data retention is intended to protect victims of digital crimes. To protect freedom online, our security services urgently need to be able to access stored IP addresses. The alarming developments in our security situation are calling many certainties from the past into question. This also involves a re-evaluation of traffic data retention.
Continue reading >>
Eyes Everywhere
Ten years after its groundbreaking judgment declaring the Data Retention Directive incompatible with the EU Charter, the Full Court significantly eased its previously strict requirements. On 30 April 2024, it issued La Quadrature Du Net II and, for the first time, declared the general and indiscriminate retention of IP addresses permissible for the purpose of fighting general crime. Given the CJEU’s fundamental change of heart, we have gathered a range of scholars to contextualize the judgment and situate it within the broader debate on mass data retention, online surveillance, and anonymity.
Continue reading >>
Keine allgemeine Verfassungsaufsicht über die Unionswerte im Vertragsverletzungsverfahren
Am 19. Dezember 2022 reichte die Europäische Kommission in der Rechtssache C-769/22 eine Vertragsverletzungsklage ein, in der sie im zweiten Klagegrund eine eigenständige Verletzung von Art. 2 EUV geltend machte. Dies löste eine breite Diskussion darüber aus, ob der EuGH seine Wertejudikatur in Zukunft so weiterentwickeln könnte, dass Art. 2 EUV auch als eigenständige Rechtsgrundlage herangezogen werden kann – ohne eine Verbindung zu spezifischen Bestimmungen des Unionsrechts.
Continue reading >>European Society Strikes Back
“This is a frontal and deep attack against the … European society.” With this remarkable statement the Commission has started the “largest human rights battle in EU history”: the infringement proceedings against the Hungarian anti-LGBTIQ* law. The Commission claims that this law breaches the internal market, the Charter rights and the Union’s common values enshrined in Article 2 TEU. The “mega hearing”, which took place on 19 November 2024, is now facing its ultimate test: can the Member States’ compliance with Article 2 TEU be reviewed before the Court of Justice?
Continue reading >>The European Banking Union Also Means Cross-Border Bank Consolidation
A heated debate on the risks of EU’s unfinished-effort to establish a Banking Union erupted on 11 September 2024, when the Milan-based UniCredit announced that it had amassed an equity stake of 9% in the Frankfurt-based rival Commerzbank. The German Chancellor quickly labelled UniCredit’s move an “unfriendly attack,” adding that the acquisition of Commerzbank is a threat to German financial stability. We argue that German authorities can hardly provide a legally-compelling justification to convince the ECB to reject UniCredit’s request on financial stability grounds.
Continue reading >>The Good, the Bad and the Ugly
In its recent decision in ST v Frontex the CJEU missed once again an opportunity to review Frontex's conduct in light of human rights standards. The decision is the latest in a series of key decisions concerning EU human rights responsibility over the course of the past year, including WS and Others v. Frontex, Hamoudi v. Frontex, Sea Watch v Frontex, as well as Kočner and KS and KD. This contribution explains how some of these cases perpetuate the shortcomings of the EU’s human rights responsibility regime, while others show the Court’s willingness and ability to redress these.
Continue reading >>
Kein Verfassungsschutz im Wahlkampf?
Im Oktober hatte der damalige Verfassungsschutzpräsident Thomas Haldenwang angekündigt, dass in 2024 mit einer verfassungsschutzrechtlichen Neubewertung der AfD und der Veröffentlichung der entsprechenden Einstufung zu rechnen sei. Jetzt ist jedoch zu vernehmen, dass das Bundesamt zwar zu einer Neubewertung gekommen sei, die Öffentlichkeit aber nun erst nach der Bundestagswahl über das Ergebnis informieren wolle. Dies überzeugt nicht.
Continue reading >>Die stille Mehrheit hat ihre Stimme gefunden
Fünf Fragen an John Morijn und Luke Dimitrios Spieker
Continue reading >>The Silent Majority Has Found Its Voice
Five Questions to John Morijn and Luke Dimitrios Spieker
Continue reading >>
Kunst und Politik
Kunst hat kein politisches Mandat. Aber sie trägt dazu bei, Werte wachzuhalten und zu stärken, auf die eine lebendige Demokratie angewiesen ist. Kunst bringt Menschen zusammen, stiftet Räume der Freiheit, ermuntert uns zum Nachdenken und ermöglicht die Erfahrung von Schönheit. Die staatlich geförderte Kunst sollte nicht mit politischen Zielen verknüpft werden, weil dies die geringe Sichtbarkeit der Kunst im öffentlichen Raum weiter einschränken würde.
Continue reading >>Georgian Dream as a Nightmare for Democracy
The Georgian Dream Party has been declared as winner of the parliamentary election in Georgia. Independent observers, however, identified a large-scale, multi-faceted election-rigging scheme in favor of Georgian Dream, prompting calls to annul the results. These allegations triggered protests and sparked a debate about the future of democracy, and the rule of law in Georgia. Due to the absence of effective judicial oversight to address evidence of electoral fraud, public resistance and external pressure are crucial to preventing power capture by Georgian Dream and halting Georgia’s autocratic shift.
Continue reading >>
Deporting the Enemy Within
Two weeks ago, the Israeli Knesset passed a law that grants the Minister of the Interior powers to deport family members of terrorists, including Israeli citizens. The logic of this law, its instrumentalization of legitimate security concerns to not just deny the rights and membership status of minority groups but attack the foundations of a constitutional system, is not unique to contemporary Israeli politics. As such, this logic needs confronting and refuting, and this law presents an important opportunity to do so.
Continue reading >>
Mit Wahrheit oder mit Mehrheit?
Die Migrationspolitik scheint nur noch eine Richtung zu kennen: immer mehr Verschärfungen. Weil sie aber von gleich mehreren Rechtsebenen durchzogen wird, scheint es, als würde die politische Debatte darum zu einem reinen Rechtsgespräch mutieren. Dabei entsteht die Illusion, dass man Rufe nach weiteren Verschärfungen mit Verweisen auf höherrangiges Recht aus der Welt schaffen könnte. Doch die argumentative Beanspruchung von Rechtsnormen kann riskante, zuweilen gegenteilige Effekte bewirken. Betrachtet man ihre Rolle in der Migrationsdebatte dabei genauer, ergeben sich wichtige Erkenntnisse, wie sich die gegenwärtige (Migrations-)Rechtsordnung argumentativ wirksamer verteidigen ließe.
Continue reading >>
Taming the Brazilian Supreme Court
The recent Proposal for Constitutional Amendment No. 28/2024 weakens constitutional review by allowing Congress to suspend certain decisions of the Supreme Federal Court. This article identifies several exaggerated and premature criticisms present in the public debate. Additionally, it explores how models of weak judicial review, successfully integrated by numerous established democracies, may foster constitutional dialogues and collaboration, potentially reducing counter-majoritarian frictions and enhancing democratic principles.
Continue reading >>Observing the Elections in Venezuela
Electoral Observation Missions are vital to democracies worldwide. The case of Venezuela demonstrates their crucial importance: In the last presidential elections, the work of EOMs was able to confirm irregularities, which today keeps Venezuela under political pressure and added grounds for civil protest. Despite the severe repression that followed, the demand for electoral transparency remains, and sustains its validity in part thanks to the irreplaceable work of the EOMs.
Continue reading >>
Kein Recht auf Profite mit der Miete
Auch der erst vor kurzem vorgestellte Gesetzesentwurf zur Verlängerung der Mietpreisbremse steht nach dem Aus der Ampelkoalition auf der Kippe. Es ist jedoch dringend geboten, die Mietpreisbremse noch in dieser Legislaturperiode zu verlängern, besser noch, die Mietpreisbremse zu entfristen. Ernsthafte verfassungsrechtliche Bedenken hiergegen bestehen keine. Demgegenüber drohen fatale Folgen für die Mieter:innen in Ballungsgebieten, wenn der Bundestag hier untätig bleibt.
Continue reading >>
A Rare Win
In a rare win for the rights of asylum seekers in the first Greek asylum case making its way to Luxembourg, the CJEU has limited abusive uses of the safe third country concept that had condemned applicants to legal limbo. In its ruling on 4 October 2024, the Court left Greece’s designation of Türkiye as a safe third country intact. Nonetheless, the case will still have a significant impact on asylum applicants. This post sets out the practical effects of the judgment on people applying for asylum in Greece and beyond.
Continue reading >>
The Brumadinho Disaster
In 2019, the rupture of a dam in Brumadinho unleashed a “torrent” of mining waste, destroying homes, contaminating the Paraopeba River, and killing 270 people. The dam was owned by the mining company Vale and its safety audited by the German TÜV Süd. More than five years later, no one has been held accountable. However, according to international human rights standards, the Brazilian state must hold companies accountable.
Continue reading >>
The Visible and The Invisible of Justice in Strasbourg
Former ECtHR Vice-President Prof. Dr. Angelika Nußberger and current ECtHR Judge Dr. Kateřina Šimáčková discuss judges’ responsibility to provide relief to applicants. Focal points are recent procedural reforms affecting access to justice, the extensive yet often overlooked judicial work that does not result in published decisions, the persistent challenge of achieving gender balance on the bench, and their own personal legacies.
Continue reading >>
Stiefmütterliche Behandlung
Mit dem Ampel-Aus ist die dringend erwartete Reform des Abstammungsrechts für Zwei-Mütter-Familien in weite Ferne gerückt. Geplant war, nach der „Ehe für alle“ auch ein „Abstammungsrecht für alle“ zu schaffen, und insbesondere eine automatische Mit-Mutterschaft einzuführen. Eine aktuelle Entscheidung des EGMR in dem Fall R.F. und andere gegen Deutschland hätte neuen Schwung in die Sache bringen können. Stattdessen hat der EGMR viel zu spät und am eigentlichen Problem vorbei entschieden.
Continue reading >>Feminist Killjoy…But With a Heart
India is currently witnessing a spate of protests against gender-based violence targeted towards women. The rape and murder of a trainee doctor in Kolkata, allegations against influential figures of the Malayalam film industry, and wrestler Vinesh Phogat’s accusations of sexual harassment against BJP leader Brij Bhushan Sharan Singh have led to demands for stricter legal consequences. However, I urge feminists to eschew reliance on the punitive state. It is paramount that feminists “break the wheel” and not adopt the tools of the oppressor by advocating for punishment, shame, and stigma.
Continue reading >>
Armenia’s Constitutional Catch-22
In October 2024, the presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan simultaneously approved a Protocol regulating the joint work of their respective border delimitation commissions. The protocol’s enactment in both countries became possible after Armenia’s Constitutional Court issued a landmark Decision No. 1749 on 26 September 2024, confirming that the border delimitation agreement complied with Armenia’s Constitution. However, the Court’s Decision traps Armenia in a legal and political Catch-22.
Continue reading >>
Political Resistance and Two Dirty Words
On November 6, Donald Trump won the 2024 presidential election in a landslide, winning all Swing States and the popular vote. Given the dire consequences of Trump’s second presidency looming on the horizon, it would be natural for Democrats’ reactions to include some of English’s finest swear words, the f- and the s- words in particular. But besides swearing being impolite, there are at least two other dirty words to consider: Federalism and (State) Sovereignty. It is time to use them for progressive purposes and shield Democrat states against excessive overreach by the Trump administration, as some had already suggested during the first Trump presidency
Continue reading >>
Into Reverse Gear
The recent Hague Court of Appeal judgment, in the appeal brought by Shell against the first instance decision in favour of the NGO Milieudefensie, held that Shell is legally obliged to reduce its scope 3 emissions, but did not order Shell to reduce them by 45%, or indeed any percentage. The judgment is likely to have a significant impact on climate change litigation against corporations beyond just the Netherlands. That impact will be all the greater if the losing parties, Milieudefensie and others, do not appeal.
Continue reading >>
Another Brick in the Wall
Der Deutsche Bundestag debattiert dieser Tage eine weitere Resolution zum Thema Antisemitismus und Israelfeindlichkeit, diesmal mit Fokus auf Schulen und Hochschulen. Ähnlich wie bei der bereits kürzlich verabschiedeten Resolution „Nie wieder ist jetzt – Jüdisches Leben in Deutschland schützen, bewahren und stärken“ bietet der Entwurf vielfachen Anlass für Kritik. Ich werde mich im Folgenden auf die Punkte in der Resolution beschränken, die die Schulen betreffen.
Continue reading >>