Edoardo D'Alfonso Masarié

A Constitutional Reform in Italy to the Detriment of Systemic Balance

In Italy, an important reform of the Italian constitution is underway: the introduction of direct elections for the head of government. This is to take place together with the election of both chambers of parliament. In addition, the composition of the two chambers is to be significantly influenced by a new "majority bonus" to be anchored in the constitution. By strengthening the power of the prime minister at the expense of guarantor functions of the head of State, Italy would therefore gain nothing in terms of democratic stability but would lose a great deal in terms of checks and balances in the political system. Continue reading >>

Edoardo D'Alfonso Masarié

Eine Verfassungsreform in Italien zulasten systemischen Gleichgewichts

Italien diskutiert gerade eine wichtige Reform seiner Verfassung: die Einführung der Direktwahl des Regierungsoberhaupts. Sie soll zusammen mit der Wahl beiden Parlamentskammern stattfinden. Zusätzlich soll die Zusammensetzung der beiden Kammern mit einem in der Verfassung neu zu verankernden „Mehrheitsbonus“ maßgeblich beeinflusst werden. Mit einer Stärkung der Macht des Ministerpräsidenten zulasten staatsoberhäuptlicher Garantiefunktionen würde Italien also nichts an demokratischer Stabilität gewinnen, dafür aber vieles an Ausgewogenheit und checks and balances im politischen System verlieren. Continue reading >>

James E. Fowkes

Eine neue Verfassungsordnung in Südafrika

Die Ära der absoluten Mehrheiten im demokratischen Südafrika ist vorbei. Nachdem der African National Congress sechs aufeinanderfolgende Wahlen über einen Zeitraum von 30 Jahren mit absoluter Mehrheit gewonnen hatte, erhielt die Partei am 29. Mai 2024 zum ersten Mal weniger als 50% der Stimmen. Der ANC bleibt stärkste Partei. Am Abend des 14. Juni wählte die südafrikanische Nationalversammlung den ANC-Parteichef Cyril Ramaphosa in seine zweite Amtszeit als Präsident des Landes. Doch Politik und Verfassungsstaatlichkeit in Südafrika haben sich fundamental geändert. Continue reading >>

James E. Fowkes

A New Constitutional Order in South Africa

The dominant party era in democratic South Africa is over. After winning absolute majorities in six consecutive national elections spanning thirty years, on 29 May 2024 the African National Congress (ANC) fell below 50% of the vote for the first time. The ANC remains the largest party. On the evening of 14 June, the National Assembly elected ANC leader Cyril Ramaphosa for a second term as the country’s president. But South Africa politics, and its constitutionalism, have changed fundamentally. Continue reading >>

Andreas Gutmann, Jenny García Ruales

Von Flüssen und Dieselabgasen

Rechte der Natur sind eine derzeit viel diskutierte Reaktion auf die multiplen Umweltkrisen. Immer häufiger finden solche Rechte, seien es Rechte von Flüssen, Wäldern oder einzelnen Tieren, Eingang in konkrete Gerichtsverfahren. In den letzten Wochen fanden tausende Kilometer voneinander entfernt zwei derartige mündliche Verhandlungen statt. In Ecuador – dem bislang einzigen Land, das der Natur in seiner Verfassung eigene Rechte zuspricht – reichten Aktivist*innen öffentlichkeitswirksam eine Klage im Namen des unter Verschmutzung leidenden Machángara Fluss in Quito ein. In Deutschland verhandelte das Landgericht Erfurt, ob aus der EU-Grundrechtecharta abzuleitende Rechte der Natur in den Dieselabgasfällen eine Rolle spielen könnten. Continue reading >>

Christian Raby

Louise Weiss

When you hear the name 'Louise Weiss', you may think of the European Parliament building in Strasbourg that bears her name, or of her election to the first European Parliament and her inaugural speech. What may not come to mind is the woman Louise Weiss herself and the outstanding achievements throughout her life. This brief profile is a reminder that she should be remembered for her tireless search for peace, her tireless fight for women's rights, her endless humanitarian work and for being truly 'European'. Continue reading >>

Virgilio Dastoli, Emilio De Capitani

Why an EU Country under the Surveillance Procedure (Article 7.1 TEU) Should not Chair the Council Presidency

In accordance with the Council Decision on the exercise of the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, from July 1 of this year the office is to be held by Hungary. This occasion will mark the first time that the Presidency will have been held by a Member State that has been subject to the “surveillance” procedure in Article 7(1) of the Treaty on European Union, having been launched by the European Parliament in September 2018. It would now be both prudent and sensible for the Council to delay the Hungarian Presidency to such a time when the Article 7(1) TEU surveillance procedure will have been successfully concluded. Such a postponement should not be considered as a sanction against Hungary, but rather a simple precautionary measure to preserve the smooth functioning of the European Union. Continue reading >>

Emanuele Cocchiara

The Proposed Psychological Tests for Judges in Italy

The recent proposal to introduce psycho-academic tests for access to the judiciary, which in Italy includes both the careers of judge and public prosecutor, has sparked heated clashes and debates between state powers and legal practitioners. But what are the reasons behind this proposal and why is it causing such a stir? Continue reading >>

Florian Slogsnat

No reintegration without representation

Die Strafverfahren gegen Donald Trump in Manhattan und Björn Höcke in Halle werfen die Frage nach den Auswirkungen strafrechtlicher Verurteilungen für die politische Karriere der Verurteilten auf. Das deutsche Recht sieht mit § 45 Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) vor, dass eine Verurteilung zum Verlust des passiven und aktiven Wahlrechts führen kann. Die Vorschrift verkörpert allerdings ein veraltetes Strafrechtsverständnis und ist obendrein in weiten Teilen verfassungswidrig. Deshalb schlage ich vor, sie zu streichen und de lege ferenda eine Maßregel der Besserung und Sicherung nach dem Vorbild des § 70 StGB (Berufsverbot) zu schaffen. Continue reading >>

Humberto Cantú Rivera

The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive beyond Europe

The CSDDD is a game changer that forces a large number of European States to level the legislative landscape with regard to corporate responsibility for human rights and environmental impacts, as well as in relation to liability and access to justice. And yet, its reach throughout global “chains of activities” will most likely bring important hurdles for implementation including in relation to the scope of human rights covered in practice; the need for effective capacity-building in transnational chains of activities; the need for a more proactive dialogue and cooperation between the EU and other States; and last but not least, in ensuring consistency between the national implementation of the CSDDD and international and regional human rights obligations. Continue reading >>

Simon Simanovski

Ein Schritt vorwärts, keiner zurück

Am vergangenen Freitag kündigte Bundeswirtschaftsminister Robert Habeck an, das Lieferkettensorgfaltspflichtengesetz (LkSG) für zwei Jahre „pausieren“ zu wollen. Dieser Wunsch wurde nun von der CDU/CSU-Fraktion des Bundestages aufgegriffen. In einem am 11. Juni 2024 vorgestellten  Gesetzentwurf fordert die Unionsfraktion eine Aufhebung des LkSG. Der Entwurf soll im heutigen Bundestagsplenum diskutiert werden. An der Vereinbarkeit dieses Vorgehens mit dem Europarecht bestehen erhebliche Zweifel. Continue reading >>

Julia Emtseva

Voting for the Government-in-Exile

So far, democracy in Belarus has struggled to establish itself within the country. After the protest movement in 2020, Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya went into exile where she and her supporters have been trying to penetrate the firm autocratic regime of Alexander Lukashenka. On June 8, the results of the elections for the Coordination Council – an exiled substitute assembly for the in situ Belarusian Parliament were announced. Less than 7,000 people participated in the vote. Despite the considerable efforts to mobilise the voters for the Coordination Council, the exiled opposition has failed to secure any meaningful turnout and thus its much-needed further democratic legitimacy. Continue reading >>

Radosveta Vassileva

The EPPO as a Domesticated Cat

The European Public Prosecutor’s Office (EPPO) has just celebrated the third anniversary of the start of its operations. “I am sure you will soon see [the EPPO] is anything but a ‘toothless tiger’”, said Laura Kövesi in an interview in 2021. Sadly, in Bulgaria, a country frequently shaken by scandals implicating abuses of EU funds and known for rampant corruption, the EPPO reminds of a domesticated rather than a fierce wild cat. Continue reading >>

Carna Pistan

Legitimizing Heresy through Law

In the heart of Europe, a troubling commemoration persists. On May 18, Croatia observed a remembrance day that honors the memory of those killed in Bleiburg in 1945 – a group that included members of the Ustasha movement, a Nazi collaborationist faction during WWII. Established by law, this memorial day controversially depicts Ustasha as fighters for Croatia’s freedom and independence. Such a narrative not only distorts historical facts but dishonors the memory of the victims of Ustasha atrocities. Additionally, it affirms values contrary to the country’s Constitution and fails to align with international standards on memorialization and the EU politics of memory. Continue reading >>

Jannik Jansen, Thu Nguyen

Between Continuity and a Perforated ‘Cordon Sanitaire’

Fears of a radical right-wing wave dominated the debates leading up to the European Parliament (EP) elections. As the final votes are tallied across the 27 EU Member States, it has become evident that the predictions of pre-election polls have partially come true: Far-right parties secured about a quarter of the popular vote. What are the implications? While the current results likely indicate by-and-large continuity in the European Parliament, including an ongoing shift to the right on contested issues such as migration or climate policy, they had heavily disruptive consequences on the national level, which in France has resulted in snap parliamentary elections. This will have pronounced impact on the balance of power in the (European) Council and on the EU as a whole. Continue reading >>

Radu Mares

The Unintended Consequences of Mandatory Due Diligence

The EU Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) seeks improvements in companies’ societal impacts but carries risks of negative impacts, including on the developing countries where some supposed beneficiaries are located. Does the CSDDD recognise and mitigate such risks? The blog identifies provisions in the CSDDD that address the unintended consequences that mandatory human rights and environmental due diligence requirements might have in developing countries. Continue reading >>

Isabelle Hassfurther

Gelungene Änderungen und verpasste Chancen

Am 6. Juni 2024 hat der Deutsche Bundestag nach einer letzten Aussprache das Gesetz zur Fortentwicklung des Völkerstrafrechts verabschiedet. Die Reform war lange überfällig. Die Reform führt im Sinne der erklärten Ziele tatsächlich zur Schließung von Strafbarkeitslücken. Inwiefern Völkerstrafverfahren für die Überlebenden selbst und für die Zivilgesellschaften der Tatortstaaten langfristig zugänglicher werden, liegt nun allerdings im Ermessen der Gerichte und bleibt abzuwarten. Continue reading >>

Nazli Aghazadeh-Wegener, Sophia Stelzhammer

Nothing but your own Constitution?

The recent report on Germany by the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights following her visit in late 2023 records an alarming situation regarding social inequality in Germany. The document criticizes Germany for its approach to combat social inequality. Similarly harsh in tone reads the statement by the Federal Government on the Commissioner’s report, claiming the situation not to be as alarming as presented and the German law to have been misinterpreted. What’s it all about? Continue reading >>

Johann-Jakob Chervet

Protecting the Freedom to Express the „Thought that we Hate“

Das Schweizer Bundesverwaltungsgericht hat in einem Urteil vom 7. Mai 2024 die Schutzgewährung für das Zeichen „Bimbo QSR“ einer mexikanischen Lebensmittelfirma verneint. Das Gericht hielt auf Grundlage des Art. 2 lit. d des Schweizer Markenschutzgesetzes (MschG) fest, dass „das mehrdeutige Wort "Bimbo" auch als rassistisches Schimpfwort verstanden“ werde und es damit den absoluten Ausschlussgrund der Sittenwidrigkeit erfülle. US Bundesgerichte gehen diese Thematik interessanterweise genau umgekehrt an und setzten die Kompatibilität einer derartigen Schutzverweigerung mit der Meinungsfreiheit ins Zentrum ihrer Analyse. Continue reading >>

Corrado Caruso, Pietro Faraguna

Delegitimizing by Procrastinating

In countries where populist movements have garnered significant electoral support, their self-proclaimed role as the sole representatives of the true will of a unified people has led them to assert that their democratic legitimacy surpasses the technocratic authority of constitutional courts. The requirement of supermajorities in the election of Italy's constitutional judges has, in combination with a changed political landscape, led to political deadlocks, entailing the risk of jeopardizing the Court’s operability and partisanship-based appointments. Continue reading >>