Kim Lane Scheppele, John Morijn

Frozen

After years of inaction, the European Commission and Council jointly acted to freeze EU funds totaling more than €28.7 billion for Hungary and more than €110 billion for Poland at the end of 2022, citing rule-of-law violations. Surprisingly, the decisions were taken not just (or even primarily) using the new Conditionality Regulation designed for that purpose. Instead, they used a variety of other legal tools to which rule-of-law conditionality was attached. It remains somewhat mysterious, however, precisely which funds and what proportion of those funds have been suspended, and how those suspensions have been legally justified. This post, a shorter version of a SIEPS paper that will be published soon, describes what we know about the complex set of funding suspensions intended to make EU Member States pay for their rule-of-law violations. Continue reading >>

Anmol Jain

Rahul Gandhi’s Disqualification and the Future of Political Opposition in India

With the general elections scheduled for early next year and several crucial state elections lined up for later this year, the ruling party’s onslaught on their opposition continues in India. The Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”) government has left no channel of state power unused in its crusade against opposition parties. The disqualification of Rahul Gandhi – one of the most prominent leaders of the opposition from the India National Congress (“INC”) – is another episode of the degeneration of democracy in India. Continue reading >>

Christian Heinze

Die private Durchsetzung des Unionsrechts

Welche Ansprüche bestehen bei Verstoß gegen unionsrechtlich fundierte Normen, die keine eigenen Rechtsfolgenanordnungen vorsehen – diese Frage ist seit einigen Jahren zu einem zentralen Thema (auch) des Privatrechts geworden. Im Kern geht es um ein Problem, das sich in allen föderal organisierten oder supranational beeinflussten Rechtsordnungen stellt: Wie kann trotz der Ebenentrennung von (unionalen) Rechten („rights“) und (nationaler) Rechtsdurchsetzung („remedies“) eine wirksame Durchsetzung der Regeln der höheren Ebene durch die niedrigere Ebene gewährleistet werden – und welche Rolle spielt in diesem System das Privatrecht? Die Diesel-Entscheidung C-100/21 der Großen Kammer des EuGH gibt neue Impulse für eine Debatte, die das Privatrecht noch lange beschäftigen wird. Continue reading >>

Suzanne Kingston

A Fond Embrace?

As with any relationship, significant anniversaries offer us an opportunity to take stock. Looking backwards allows us not only to appreciate how far we have come, but also, perhaps, to reflect on the direction in which we might be heading. To date, upwards of 2,200 judgments of the Irish courts have considered EU or Community law in some form. Against this context, this short contribution reflects on the reception of EU law in the Irish courts since 1973. Continue reading >>

Aeyal Gross

The Battle Over the Populist Constitutional Coup in Israel

On the night of March 26, 2023, the battle over the constitutional overhaul planned by Israel’s Netanyahu government reached an apex moment. Much uncertainty lies ahead. What is clear is that a combination of massive protests, pressure by significant groups in Israeli society such as the tech industry and elite military reservists, and American pressure forced Netanyahu to suspend the legislative process. Whether this development will lead to the burial or the reemergence of the constitutional coup is yet to be seen. The road ahead is complicated, as rejection of the coalition’s plan, while seemingly a victory for the democracy movement, may also serve to feed the populist argument about elites. Continue reading >>

Elaine Fahey

Number Crunching EU Law and the Irish Legal Order

In this short piece, I will outline a few of the extremes of the Irish relationship with Europe that I have personally studied or encountered and its impact in my view. Many years ago, I wrote a dissertation on the relationship between EU law and the Irish legal order, on the unravelling dynamic since accession, focussing upon the preliminary reference data. I felt it was a deserving topic precisely because there was so little interest as to the relationship between EU law and Ireland. Ireland was uniformly always excluded from major US and EU political science studies that have been iconic in shaping views on EU integration. Continue reading >>

Kai Ambos

Die papierene Macht des Rechts und seine Perversion

Deutschland sah sich gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs verstärkten Bombenangriffen ausgesetzt, die natürlich auch Justizgebäude nicht verschonten, ganz abgesehen vom Personalschwund durch Abberufung von Richtern an die Front. Gleichwohl habe es, so Benjamin Lahusen in seiner Studie "Der Dienstbetrieb ist nicht gestört. Die Deutschen und ihre Justiz 1943-1948", einen Stillstand der Rechtspflege niemals gegeben. Jedenfalls haben die Rechtsarbeiter und ihr Hilfspersonal alles dafür getan, dass der ungestörte Dienstbetrieb noch lange aufrechterhalten werden konnte. Wie ist das Bemühen um die Aufrechterhaltung des Dienstbetriebs zu bewerten? Handelt es sich um eine zivilisatorische und damit deutsche Errungenschaft oder stellt es nur den Gipfel der Perversion dar, wenn inmitten eines inländischen und ausländischen Vernichtungskriegs die Justiz in den normalen Alltagsfällen noch ihrer Arbeit nachgeht und dem Bürger das Gefühl einer Rechtsordnung oder sogar eines Rechtsstaats gibt? Continue reading >>

Johannes Herb

Die Deutschen und ihr Auto

Am 23. September 2015 trat Martin Winterkorn als Vorstandsvorsitzender von VW wegen des sog. Abgasskandals zurück. Man möchte meinen, dass fast acht Jahre später dessen juristische Aufarbeitung abgeschlossen oder zumindest weit vorangeschritten ist. Doch mit seiner vergangene Woche verkündeten Entscheidung stellt der EuGH die bisherige rechtliche Beurteilung des Bundesgerichtshofs und diverser Oberlandesgerichte grundlegend in Frage. Wie ist es dazu gekommen? Der Beitrag will versuchen, darauf eine weniger dogmatische, sondern primär privatrechtstheoretische Antwort zu geben. Meine These ist, dass hier hintergründig ein spezifisch privatrechtliches mit einem unionsrechtlichen Systemdenken konfligiert. Continue reading >>

Olga Ceran, Ylenia Guerra

The Council’s Conditionality Decision as a Violation of Academic Freedom?

On 15 December 2022, the Council’s suspended various EU budgetary commitments towards Hungary, the first application of the so-called Rule of Law Conditionality Regulation. The measure also froze access to Erasmus+ and Horizon Europe funds for 21 Hungarian universities that remain under the management of public interest trusts, thereby effectively denying access to these funds to a large pool of scholars and students. The decision raises important questions regarding the scope of protection afforded to final beneficiaries of EU funds. We suggest that a deeper engagement with the rights and interests of final beneficiaries in the context of the Conditionality Regulation necessitates a reconceptualisation of the EU’s understanding of and responsibility for academic freedom. Continue reading >>

Janine Silga

Navigating Uncharted Waters?

This contribution will briefly assess Ireland’s participation in the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) after ‘Brexit’. It will first review the way in which the ‘opt-in/opt-out’ arrangements still apply to Ireland, before considering how Ireland’s position might have evolved after Brexit. In this respect, it will feature some recent cases of the CJEU. Although Ireland considers the UK to be a safe third country for refugees, it is likely that their respective asylum policies will diverge even further, owing to their now very different positions with respect to EU law and especially the CEAS. Continue reading >>

Eleonora Bottini

Constitutional? Perhaps. Democratic? Not so much

The adoption of the Law on Retirement without a majority in the National Assembly has caused a huge uproar in France. The use by the executive of an article or two of the Constitution, as well as the combination thereof, is deemed constitutional until a competent organ says otherwise. And the only one who could, the Constitutional Council, will probably not say otherwise. But even if something is constitutional, that does not make it democratic. A look into the justifications given by the head of State and the head of Government stirs reflection on the relationship between the constitutional and democratic character of the proceedings. Continue reading >>

Iyiola Solanke

The Quality of Sovereignty

It can generally be agreed that the purpose of sovereignty is to enable a government to protect the best interests of its citizens. To what extent did UK membership of the EU preclude this? In the context of the EU, the discussion on sovereignty tends to focus on quantity – the greater the scope of action of the EU and its institutions, the lower the sovereignty of the member states. From this perspective, sovereignty is a zero-sum affair – less means less. However, sovereignty can also be assessed from a qualitative perspective, with a focus on its quality, or character, rather than its scope. Continue reading >>

Edoardo D'Alfonso Masarié

Nation ist auch im Wahlrecht kein Muss

Über die jüngst verabschiedete Reform des Wahlrechts für den Bundestag wurde bereits viel Tinte vergossen. Ein Argument aber, das sowohl in der Bundestagsdebatte als auch in der Öffentlichkeit oft wiederholt wurde und wohl den in den novellierten Gesetzesvorschriften zum Ausdruck kommenden objektivierten Willen des Gesetzgebers ergibt, darf nicht unkommentiert bleiben: Das Argument, dass die nationale Dimension allein aussagekräftig für den politischen Wettbewerb sei und deswegen auch territorial konzentrierte Parteien mit nationalem Messstab zu messen seien. Continue reading >>

Frank Schorkopf

Abschied von Adenauer oder weshalb die Wahlrechtsreform ein Verfassungsrechtsproblem ist

Der Bundestag hat die Grammatik der Macht umgeschrieben. Mit der Änderung des Bundeswahlrechts wollte das Parlament zur gesetzlichen Regelgröße zurückkehren und den „Grundcharakter“ der Verhältniswahl konsequent in der Praxis umsetzen. Was die Reformfähigkeit der Politik belegen und für manche Beobachter ein endgültiger Abschied von der alten Bundesrepublik sein sollte, ist spätestens mit der beschlossenen Gesetzesfassung zu einem ernsten Verfassungsrechtsproblem geworden. Continue reading >>

Moritz Vinken

A New York Moment for the Oceans to join the Paris Moment for the Climate?

The recently concluded Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction has been described as the 'New York Moment' for the oceans, to join the 'Paris Moment' for the climate. The Paris Agreement was considered to be such a moment, in part, because it constituted a significant paradigm shift in international environmental law, institutionally as well as substantively. The current draft of the BBNJ arguably contains a paradigm shift of comparable significance for the law of the sea in at least three respects. Continue reading >>

Patricia Wiater

Peaceful and Neutral Games

In a statement issued on March 17, 2023, the German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB) advocated to uphold the current exclusion of Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from international competitions. In light of the upcoming Olympic Games in Paris 2024 this topic is currently of great concern to the international sports world. From a human rights perspective, I agree with the core of the DOSB position: the exclusion serves the aims of protecting the rights of Ukrainian athletes and of preventing sporting events from being instrumentalised for war propaganda. These are legitimate reasons for the unequal treatment of Russian athletes. Continue reading >>

Mark Bell

An Interactive Relationship

In reflections on fifty years of membership, the employment of women is often identified as a tangible example of how membership changed Ireland. Concretely, in the years immediately following accession, the state was required to enact legislation on equal pay and equal treatment for women and men in employment. This narrative tends to place emphasis on EU law as a cause of law reform in Ireland. 50 years on, both Irish and EU equality law have expanded significantly. Continue reading >>

Sophie Duroy

Big Brother is Watching the Olympic Games – and Everything Else in Public Spaces

The French National Assembly is currently debating the law on the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Despite its name, the law has more to do with security than with sports. In particular, Article 7 of the law creates a legal basis for algorithmic video surveillance, that is, video surveillance that relies on artificial intelligence to treat the images and audio of video surveillance cameras in order to identify human beings, objects, or specific situations. In other words, video surveillance cameras in France’s public spaces would now able to identify you and detect if your behaviour is suspicious. Continue reading >>

Robert Frau

Bemerkenswerte Haftbefehle aus Den Haag

Die Haftbefehle des Internationalen Strafgerichtshofs in Den Haag vom Ende letzter Woche haben schnell die Runde gemacht und sind weltweit als Eilmeldung verbreitet worden. Auch in der deutschen Presselandschaft sind die Haftbefehle gegen den russischen Staatspräsidenten sowie seine Kinderrechtsbeauftragte bewertet worden. Einige bemerkenswerte Aspekte der Entscheidung, die bislang keine Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben, sollen hier beleuchtet werden. Continue reading >>

Thorsten Kingreen

Vom Chancentod zur Chance: Ein wahlrechtlicher Vorschlag zur Güte

Durch den Wegfall der Grundmandatsklausel rückt aber die 5%-Klausel wieder in den verfassungsrechtlichen Fokus. Das Bundesverfassungsgericht hat seine Maßstäbe hierzu verschärft, und diese Maßstäbe wird es auch an die im veränderten Kontext des neuen Verhältniswahlrechts stehende 5%-Klausel anlegen. Ob sie ihnen standhalten wird, lässt sich kaum verlässlich prognostizieren. Für die politische Kultur wäre es aber am besten, wenn es gar nicht erst zu einer Entscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts kommen müsste. Continue reading >>

TPS Harsha

The Janus Face of Fetal Citizenship: A Tool of Inclusion or a Threat to Abortion Rights?

Should citizenship status be conferred upon an unborn child? In a 2022 landmark decision, Pranav Srinivasan v. Union of India, the Madras High Court answered this question in the affirmative. Srinivasan had not been born yet when his parents, with his mother being in the third trimester of her pregnancy, gave up their Indian for Singaporean citizenship. Now an adult and ostensibly to avoid the mandatory conscription for Singaporean citizens, Srinivasan sought to avail himself of a statutory right to reclaim his Indian citizenship, pursuant to section 8(2) of the Citizenship Act 1955. While the Court's ruling in Srinivasan's favour should be applauded for its inclusionary ethos, it threatens to undermine India's progressive abortion jurisprudence. A provision of the 1956 Hindu Succession Act might provide a solution to this conflict. Continue reading >>

Damian Chalmers

Post-Brexit Sovereignty

In thinking about sovereignty within the United Kingdom, it is helpful to separate out two ways in which sovereignty has historically been identified in both the United Kingdom and elsewhere. Sovereignty is, first, a power over others, most notably absolute and final authority over a territory. If this allows those holding it to achieve considerable things, it also generates apprehension as it allows them to do many things to others. Sovereignty is, secondly, a constitutive power. Continue reading >>

Gráinne de Búrca, Kenneth Armstrong

Integration and Disintegration

In our analysis below, we examine the convergent and divergent paths of Ireland and the UK on the theme of integration and disintegration in three stages. The first considers the constitutional context and framework within which each of the two countries chose to embark on the path of European integration by acceding to the EEC in the early 1970s. The second examines several key policy choices made by the two states along a continuum between integration and disintegration, as part of a more differentiated, post-Maastricht EU. The final stage examines the implications of Brexit for the UK and Ireland following Britain’s departure from the EU. Continue reading >>

Joelle Grogan, Imelda Maher

50 Years On

In 1973 and on the third attempt, Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) with Denmark acceded to the European Communities, while Norway opted not to join following a referendum. For Ireland and the UK, the half-century since has brought about remarkable social, economic, demographic, political, and legal changes in both states leading to the UK leaving the EU in 2020 and Ireland remaining a Member State. Given the shared anniversary and divergent responses to EU membership in the context of strong (if complex) ties between the two states and a shared common law tradition, a reflection on the 50th anniversary of their accession to what is now the European Union (EU) is timely. Continue reading >>

Thomas Groß

Zwei Jahre Klimabeschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts

Der Beschluss des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 24. März 2021 wurde von der Deutschen Umwelthilfe als „die wohl bedeutendste Umweltschutz-Entscheidung in der Geschichte des Bundesverfassungsgerichts“ gelobt. Wenn man mit dem Abstand von zwei Jahren auf die Entscheidung und ihre (Nicht)Folgen sieht, muss die Bewertung deutlich nüchterner ausfallen. Zum einen wird meist übersehen, dass die unmittelbare Wirkung des Beschlusses denkbar gering war. Vor allem wird er aber von der Politik, von den Verwaltungsgerichten und sogar vom Bundesverfassungsgericht selbst nicht umgesetzt. Das Problem, wie effektiver Klimaschutz durchgesetzt werden kann, ist nach wie vor nicht gelöst. Continue reading >>

Alon Harel, Alon Klement

Separating Substance from Procedure: How to Address the Israeli Constitutional Crisis

Many proposals to resolve the current Israeli constitutional crisis have been recently advanced. Yet, most of them are arguably unlikely to bring about a compromise. This is so not because their content cannot be accepted by the parties involved, but because they do not address the substantive concerns of the parties. Israel's constitutional crisis results from the fact that the parties to the conflict shape their proposals concerning the decision-making process in a way that is conducive to their short-term substantive interests. Any proposed solution must therefore separate substantive questions from procedural and institutional ones. Continue reading >>

Dominik Rennert

Ein ernsthafter Fehler

Die Ampelkoalition will die Grundmandatsklausel streichen. Das ist nicht nur ein verfassungspolitischer Fehler ersten Rangs. Es trifft auch auf robuste verfassungsrechtliche Einwände. Continue reading >>

Devyani Prabhat

The Begum Case: Why Ministerial Discretion Precludes Human Rights Issues

In recent years, cancellation of British citizenship has become a high-profile issue. This is not least because of the case of Shamima Begum, who left the UK as a 15-year-old British schoolgirl for Syria in 2015. Upon being found in a camp in Syria four years ago, the Home Secretary removed her British citizenship soon thereafter, leaving her de facto stateless. After protracted litigation surrounding a number of preliminary issues, three weeks ago, Begum lost her appeal against the decision in front of the Special Immigration Appeals Commission’s (SIAC). The Commission’s refusal to allow her appeal is remarkable for the nearly unlimited degree of discretion it appears to grant the Home Secretary in cancellation cases, even where human rights are at stake. Continue reading >>

Gábor Polyák

Too Much for Others, too Little for Us

The draft of the European Media Freedom Act (EMFA) published last September appears to constitute, in part, an attempt to respond to the systematic erosion of media freedom in Hungary since 2010. The European Commission seems to be aware of how unsuccessful it has been in addressing the problem. Thus, even though the rule of law proceedings against Hungary found a serious violation of media freedom, the conditionality procedure and the Charter of Fundamental Rights eligibility criteria inquiry failed to address the issue. Against this backdrop, this blogpost will analyse the draft EMFA’s capacity to respond to the unique challenges posed by the Hungarian media freedom landscape. Continue reading >>

Uwe Volkmann

Kein schöner Zug

Die Wahlrechtsreform, die die Ampelkoalition noch in dieser Woche durch den Bundestag bringen will, könnte dazu führen, dass im nächsten Deutschen Bundestag weder die Linkspartei noch die CSU vertreten sein werden. Auch wenn das nicht alle für einen Verlust halten mögen, beschert es der Reform doch ein Legitimitätsproblem, von dem man nur hoffen kann, dass es sich so nicht realisiert. Continue reading >>

Tessa Grosz

Inter* Personen im menschenrechtlichen Warteraum

Bei Fällen aus dem LGBTIQ*-Themenkreis vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) lässt sich ein gewisses Muster erkennen: In dem jeweils ersten Beschwerdefall (sei es das Adoptionsrecht für homosexuelle Personen, sei es die Frage der Anerkennung der Geschlechtsidentität von trans* Personen), erkennt der EGMR zunächst keine Verletzung eines Konventionsrechts an. Häufig erklärt er aber auch, dass diese Einschätzung sich ändern kann. So könnte es auch bei der Frage des Personenstatus von inter* Personen kommen. Continue reading >>

Wojciech Lewandowski

Drive to Survive

On 9 March 2022, the Council of the EU included Nikita Mazepin, the Russian Formula 1 driver competing in the 2021 season, on the list of sanctioned people. Almost one year later, on 1 March 2023, this measure was suspended by the Order of the President of the General Court as an interim measure in the appellation proceedings against the Council decision initiated by Mazepin. In this blog post, I argue that the President of the General Court made a mistake in the factual assessment of the position of Nikita and took a too lenient approach to his request. Continue reading >>