Niemand steht über dem (Klimaschutz-)Gesetz
Weil die Regierung trotz Zielverfehlung noch immer kein Klimaschutz-Sofortprogramm verabschiedet hat, klagt der Umweltverband Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V. (BUND) nun vor dem OVG Berlin-Brandenburg auf Beschluss eines solchen. Die Klage gibt Anlass für eine nähere Betrachtung der rechtlichen Pflichten, die das Klimaschutzgesetz (KSG) für den Fall einer Zielverfehlung auferlegt.
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Judicial Impartiality in Indonesia Under Attack
The independence of judicial power in Indonesia is in a precarious situation. Lately, the parliament haphazardly dismissed Constitutional Judge Aswanto, a parliament-proposed Constitutional Judge. This situation was exacerbated through the inauguration of the parliament-proposed substitute, Constitutional Judge Guntur Hamzah, by President Widodo who could have refused to authorize this illegal act. Instead, President Widodo took part in the destruction of the Constitutional Court, putting judicial independence in Indonesia in jeopardy, particularly facing the upcoming 2024 election.
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Under Black Skies
Since the Indian state unilaterally abrogated the autonomous status of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) in August 2019, human rights defenders (HRDs) have been confronted with an unprecedented closing of civic spaces, forcing them to restrict or stop their engagement. While HRDs have been subjected to state repression for more than 30 years since the onset of the 1989 insurgency in J&K, the developments in 2019 mark a turning point, both in strategy and methods employed by the Indian state.
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Moving On in Strasbourg
Russia’s justified expulsion from the Council of Europe after the beginning of the full-scale military invasion in Ukraine continues to pose problems for the European Court of Human Rights and the European Convention machinery in general. Even though Russia remained bound by the Convention until 16 September 2022, a number of decisions in Moscow, but also in Strasbourg, made matters complicated. Especially processing the outstanding 17,000 cases and enforcing those judgments now require innovative solutions.
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Appell für eine gesamtgesellschaftliche Aufarbeitung des Kolonialismus
Wir stehen am Anfang dessen, was man eine dekoloniale Rechtspraxis nennen kann. Es bedarf daher der tiefgehenden Auseinandersetzung mit den Grundannahmen von Rechtsanwendung angesichts historischen Unrechts. Das betrifft die Auswahl zulässiger (Rechts-)quellen, die rechtsdogmatische Einordnung der Dynamik zwischen Unrecht, Rechtsverletzung und Systemunrecht, genauso wie ein Verständnis von Vertretbarkeit im Fluss der Zeit.
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From Past Injustices to Today’s Unlawful Consequences / Eurocentric legal systems with a global social claim to validity?
In this split contribution to the blog debate on "Restitution, Colonialism and the Courts", Natalia Loyola Daiqui argues that the claim to eliminate the unlawful consequences of state action (Folgenbeseitigungsanspruch) can serve as a legal basis for restitution claims. Responding to this claim, Sebastian-Manès Sprute raises the question in how far relying on German administrative law would revive the asymmetrical colonial power relationship. restitution and repatriation claims of formerly colonized communities are subject to German administrative law.
Continue reading >>Law and the Challenge of Rehumanization
The report “We want them back”, published earlier this year, found at least 5958 human remains from colonials contexts in the collections of museums and scientific institutions in the geographical area of Berlin. The report, commissioned by the Berlin Senate, is the first systematic survey of the provenance of human remains from colonial contexts in Berlin’s institutions. Why – given the history – are these human remains still here? Where is the systematic effort to repatriate them and return them to their families and communities of origin?
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The Reform That Isn’t
As states are set to vote on the reform of the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) at a Conference in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, on 22 November, concerns regarding the treaty's impact on states' climate policies remain significant. In our assessment, the proposed reform fails to provide the treaty’s contracting parties with the necessary regulatory freedom to implement their climate commitments. Scheduled for the week after COP27, the vote comes at a crucial time, as scientists agree that this is the decisive decade to limit global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Meanwhile, several EU Member States, including Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, and Slovenia have announced unilateral withdrawals from the treaty, stating that the proposed reform fails to meet their expectations.
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Verschlusssache Lagebericht
In behördlichen und gerichtlichen Asylverfahren spielt die Beurteilung der Lage im Herkunftsstaat eine wesentliche Rolle. Die dafür erforderlichen Tatsachen sind durch Behörden und Gerichte zu ermitteln, was sich jedoch schwierig gestaltet und vielfach in Kritik gerät. Dem Problem der Uneinheitlichkeit der Rechtsprechung will die Bundesregierung nun mit einem Gesetzentwurf begegnen, der das Bundesverwaltungsgericht dazu ermächtigen soll, bei Divergenz selbst Tatsachen zu ermitteln und sogenannte Länderleitentscheidungen zu treffen. Damit bleibt jedoch ein Problem unangetastet.
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Eroding Indonesian Local Democracy
Under the administration of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi), Indonesia undergoes a period of democratic decay and constitutional demise. In a recent example, there will be at least 170 interim regional heads leading their regions without any constitutional democratic legitimacy until the next General Elections in 2024, if the current malpractice by the Ministry of Home Affairs remains unchanged. Like the climate crisis, democratic backsliding is not some future grim prospect, but has already arrived and is well-underway.
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Challenging Censorship
India’s online censorship laws have, since they were framed, been entirely lacking in transparency, and have consequently shielded the Indian government from any and all form of accountability. A writ petition by Twitter in an Indian High Court hopes to change that. Depending on which way the Courts rule, the fundamental rights of free expression, of due process and of access to the internet of millions of Indians are going to be decided by the end of this case.
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Der Weg zu Equal Pay ist viel zu steinig
Birte Meiers Weg zur Entgeltgleichheit und (Geschlechter-)Gerechtigkeit gleicht einer Odyssee. Er führte sie nach Berlin, über Erfurt, nach Karlsruhe und zurück. Ob ein Streckenabschnitt nicht auch nach Luxemburg hätte führen müssen – zum europäischen Gerichtshof (EuGH) – diese Frage hat das Bundesverfassungsgericht in einem Beschluss nun verneint. Die seit 2015 (!) geführten Verfahren, die noch immer nicht abgeschlossen sind, zeigen deutlich: Der Anspruch auf Entgeltgleichheit ist nur unter großen Schwierigkeiten durchsetzbar.
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A Reckless Decision
On Thursday, 30 June 2022, the Supreme Court of the United States issued its long-awaited ruling in West Virginia v. Environmental Protection Agency on the final day of the Court’s term. In a 6-3 decision, the conservative-majority Court held that the EPA lacks authority to require power plants to achieve the “best system of emissions reduction,” thereby hampering the United States’ ability to tackle climate change—decades after the government first learned of the crisis.
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The Costs of Outsourcing
Last month the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) granted an urgent interim measure according to Rule 39 of the Rules of the Court in a case concerning an imminent removal of an asylum-seeker from the UK to Rwanda. The UK's policy of outsourcing sets another dangerous precedence when it comes to restricting territorial asylum and the basic rights of asylum seekers. It is expensive, contrary to international human rights obligations, has significant adverse effects on those affected, scratches the state´s reputation, and increases existing tensions with the ECtHR.
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Moving Beyond Token Participation
The concept of human rights due diligence was developed over the past decade as a way for companies to grapple with adverse human rights violations and impacts connected to their business practice, including within their value chains. In February of this year, the European Commission published a proposal for European Union-wide mandatory human rights due diligence for companies that fall under its scope. For such legislation to succeed in advancing the rights of the most affected and to lead to better human rights outcomes for rights-holders, it is crucial to anchor such laws and regulations with not only the perspective of rights-holders but their ongoing involvement. To do otherwise would miss an invaluable opportunity to improve the landscape of business and human rights to center rights-holders in the years to come.
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Just a Feint?
A running joke in the pro-democratic military analyst community is about ridiculing the messages of pro-Russian experts who are pretending that the Russian defeat in the battle of Kyiv was "just a feint". I am afraid that the European Commission just walked into a similar strategic blunder with its deal with the Polish government on the recovery fund and the Supreme Court.
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Ukraine’s Parliament in Wartime
To defend Ukraine is to defend constitutional democracy and the rule of law. But the defence of Ukraine must occur through constitutional democracy and the rule of law. The Verkhovna Rada is a central institution in the Ukrainian constitutional order. The Verkhovna Rada’s legislative authority continues to exist during armed conflict and states of emergency. Indeed, the Verkhovna Rada plays a vital role in such situations. However, the routine operations of the Verkhovna Rada in these extraordinary circumstances have been very challenging.
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Die EU schlägt zurück
Am 27. April 2022 hat die EU-Kommission ihre Initiative zur Bekämpfung missbräuchlicher Klagen gegen öffentliche Beteiligung (sog. SLAPPs) vorgestellt. Die Initiative umfasst einen Vorschlag für eine EU-Richtlinie gegen SLAPPs in Zivilsachen mit grenzüberschreitendem Bezug (im Folgenden: Anti-SLAPP-RL) und eine ergänzende Empfehlung, mit der die Kommission die Mitgliedstaaten auffordert, die Richtlinie überschießend, das heißt auch auf innerstaatliche Sachverhalte und sämtliche Verfahrensarten, umzusetzen und Schulungs- und Sensibilisierungsmaßnahmen zu SLAPPs zu ergreifen.
Continue reading >>Palantirs Beitrag
Am 15. Tag des russischen Angriffskriegs gegen die Ukraine ruft Alexander Karp, der CEO von Palantir Technologies, in einem offenen Brief „Zur Verteidigung Europas“ auf. Es ist ein bemerkenswertes Dokument, das zu dem Schluss kommt, nur digitale Gegenwehr könne Europa noch retten – selbstredend mit Palantirs Hilfe. Bemerkenswert ist nicht nur die schamlose Instrumentalisierung des Kriegs für seine Zwecke. Prämisse, Analyse, Schlussfolgerung: Satz für Satz lässt Karps Brief die Augenbrauen höher wandern. Aber der Reihe nach.
Continue reading >>A National Peace and Security Strategy after the “Turning Point”
Military armament has been happening not just since the so-called “turning point”. Ultimately, a better equipped Bundeswehr alone cannot lead to sustainable peace. The concept of human security and a national security strategy raised by the Foreign Minister must not be based on a purely militarised concept of security. The Federal Government ought to align its actions accordingly.
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Eine nationale Friedens- und Sicherheitsstrategie nach der “Zeitenwende”
Militärisches Aufrüsten wird nicht erst seit der sogenannten „Zeitenwende“ betrieben. Eine besser ausgestattete Bundeswehr kann nicht allein zu einem nachhaltigen Frieden führen. Der von der Außenministerin aufgegriffene Begriff der menschlichen Sicherheit und eine nationale Sicherheitsstrategie dürfen nicht auf einem rein militarisierten Sicherheitsbegriff basieren. Die Bundesregierung sollte ihr Handeln entsprechend ausrichten.
Continue reading >>Blinded by the Light?
Der von Russland geführte Angriffskrieg in der Ukraine hat ein Thema in die öffentliche Debatte gebracht, welches seit langem nicht mehr so intensiv und kontrovers diskutiert wurde: den Export von Rüstungsgütern. Das ist gut und sollte ein Dauerthema sein, denn Rüstungsgüter sind per se gefährliche Güter, ihr Export ist hochpolitisch und betrifft die Sicherheitsbeziehungen zu anderen Staaten. Sie bedrohen Leib und Leben und ihre Produktion und ihr Export ist strengen Regeln zu unterwerfen. Die derzeit anlaufende sicherheitspolitische Debatte in Deutschland muss daher den Aspekt der Rüstungsexportkontrolle umfassen.
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Global Inequities in Algorithms
Algorithms can seem like esoteric subjects, often relegated to the realm of engineers and technology companies, given the technical nature of algorithmic design. Algorithms, when applied, take on a social character that invites us into peer beneath the hood to understand both their function and application. Given the growing ubiquitousness of algorithms in our daily lives, policymakers are looking to capture algorithms within regulatory mechanisms. This article seeks to understand the inequalities that undergird algorithmic applications, in order to understand how to regulate these systems.
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The National Security Strategy and the Zeitenwende in German Foreign Policy
The “Zeitenwende” in German foreign policy continues to require justification and facilitation, strategic and material underpinning, as well as structural and procedural changes. But time and again, it will require critical reflection. After years of partial denial of reality and misinterpretation of behavioural patterns of key international actors, there is a risk that everything will now be pressed into the scheme of great power and systemic rivalry, and that a new bipolarity between the Western world and the authoritarian states centred around China and Russia is conjured.
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Die Nationale Sicherheitsstrategie im Zeichen der außenpolitischen Zeitenwende
Die Zeitenwende in der deutschen Außenpolitik bedarf weiterhin der Begründung und Vermittlung, der strategischen und materiellen Unterfütterung sowie struktureller und prozessualer Veränderungen. Sie bedarf aber auch immer wieder der kritischen Reflektion. Die Gefahr ist groß, dass nach Jahren der partiellen Realitätsverweigerung und der Fehlinterpretation von Handlungsmustern zentraler Akteure der internationalen Politik nunmehr alle Vorkommnisse in das Schema der Großmacht- und der systemischen Rivalität gepresst werden, gar eine neue Bipolarität zwischen der westlichen Welt und den sich um China und Russland scharenden autoritären Staaten heraufbeschworen wird.
Continue reading >>Our Minds, Monitored and Manipulated
Well-functioning democracies require a well-informed citizenry, an open social and political discourse and absence of opaque or deceitful influence. Western democracies have however always been prone to power asymmetries and to coercion and the curbing of these freedoms through oppression and propaganda. Adoption of AI and datafication has raised concerns whether society is sliding into an Orwellian nightmare, where all of our actions are being scrutinized, controlled and manipulated at a scale that has never been possible before. So, what is it exactly that makes this time so different?
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Jenseits jeglicher Kontrolle
Das Begnadigungsrecht des Bundespräsidenten ist bislang allenfalls spärlich öffentlich diskutiert worden. Obwohl es den Grundsatz der Gewaltenteilung jedenfalls punktuell aufhebt und damit im Widerspruch zu den Grundpfeilern eines demokratischen Rechtsstaates steht, ist es als Kompetenz des Bundespräsidenten dennoch in der Verfassung verankert. Mit einer Klage vor dem Verwaltungsgericht Berlin gegen das Bundespräsidialamt möchte das Transparenz-Portal „FragDenStaat“ nun überprüfen, inwieweit der Bundespräsident jedenfalls Auskunft über Entscheidungen in Gnadeverfahren geben muss. Die Klage macht den Weg für eine lange überfällige Diskussion darüber frei, wie die Ausübung des Begnadigungsrechts demokratischen und rechtstaatlichen Mindeststandards unterworfen werden kann.
Continue reading >>Taking European Judgments Seriously
Today ends the deadline for stakeholder consultations for the 2022 EU rule of law report. The report is a welcome addition to the EU’s rule of law toolbox but it is missing a vital element: the non-implementation of judgments of international courts, including both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights.
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Gazing into the Abyss
On Thursday 7th October 2021 the Polish Constitutional Tribunal issued its decision in the case K 3/21. Politically, this situation is likely a crucial point in the Polish rule of law saga. Legally, it is a decision taken by a not independent court that ignored both domestic provisions and EU law towards arriving at a politically motivated outcome tailored towards the interests of the ruling party.
Continue reading >>The New EU Climate Law
On 30 June 2021, the European Parliament and the Council signed the EU Climate Law. The Law has drawn a lot of attention, stirred not least because of its head-line grabbing name. Was it merely meant to be a symbolic law to enshrine the EU’s climate objectives into law and celebrate the EU Green Deal? Or was it meant to be a new governance framework that changes the way decisions are taken on EU and Member State level?
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