21 October 2022
Ein Sieg gegen Racial Profiling?
Racial Profiling, ein Thema, das die zivilgesellschaftliche Öffentlichkeit und auch den Bundestag in letzter Zeit intensiv beschäftigt und noch beschäftigen wird. Ende September noch bemängelte die Europäische Kommission gegen Rassismus und Intoleranz (ECRI), dass Deutschland den früheren Kommissionsempfehlungen, in den Polizeibehörden des Bundes und der Länder eine Studie zu Racial Profiling durchzuführen, bis heute nicht nachgekommen ist. Nun liegt auch eine richtungweisende Entscheidung des Europäischen Gerichtshofs für Menschenrechte gegen Deutschland vor: Basu/Deutschland. Continue reading >>
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Christian Schmidt’s Stabilitocracy
The High Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina Christian Schmidt has imposed amendments to the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Election Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina. By this decision, Schmidt questioned the role of the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina – should Bosnia and Herzegovina be a democratic state or a state of ‘ethnic stabilitocracy’? Schmidt showed us that ‘ethnic stabilitocracy’ is the current aim of the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Continue reading >>Towards a data-subject-friendly interpretation of Article 82 GDPR
Under the GDPR, Article 82 is the only instrument to claim compensation resulting from data protection infringements. So far, it has not been interpreted by the CJEU. To date, nine preliminary references on the interpretation of Article 82 have been made by national courts. On 6 October 2022, Advocate General Sánchez-Bordona delivered his Opinion in one of them. Since it will be the first CJEU judgment on this subject, it will have a profound impact on the further development of EU data protection law, in particular, its private enforcement. Continue reading >>20 October 2022
Erschüttertes Vertrauen
Bundesinnenministerin Nancy Faeser hat dem Präsidenten des Bundesamtes für Sicherheit in die Informationstechnik (BSI) Arne Schönbohm am 18.10.2022 die Führung der Dienstgeschäfte verboten. Vorwürfe im Zusammenhang mit dem Verein Cybersicherheitsrat Deutschland, dessen Vorsitzender Schönbohm früher war, hätten „das notwendige Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Neutralität und Unparteilichkeit der Amtsführung als Präsident der wichtigsten deutschen Cybersicherheitsbehörde nachhaltig beschädigt“. Was heißt das aus der Perspektive des Beamtenrechts? Continue reading >>Silenced, Chilled, and Jailed
As Turkey is in the process of getting ready for the general and presidential elections of June 2023, a recent legal reform has created much concern regarding freedom of expression and increased threat of online censorship in the country. Citizens have called the amendment a ‘censorship law’, while some prominent civil society organizations have voiced their concern about the law creating avenues for a dystopian crackdown when the elections are just around the corner. Continue reading >>
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Fake News, Wahrheitspflicht, Lüge
Die Befürworter von Mediengesetzen mit harten Sanktionen begründen deren Notwendigkeit damit, dass sich Desinformation zu einer „ernsthaften Bedrohung“ für den Zugang zu „wahren“ Informationen entwickelt und die Bekämpfung einer solchen „Bedrohung“ notwendig sei, um Grundrechte und Grundfreiheiten zu schützen. Die damit zusammenhängenden konstitutionellen Probleme werden dabei, unabhängig von der Schwere der Sanktionen, stark unterschätzt. Continue reading >>
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19 October 2022
EU Military Mission Is Coming Home
On 10 October 2022, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs, Josep Borrell, delivered a remarkably clear speech (for a diplomat) at the EU Ambassadors Annual Conference 2022, in which he drew conclusions about the current state of the Union’s foreign policy. A few days later, on 17 October 2022, the Council for Foreign Affairs agreed on establishing the European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine (‘EUMAM Ukraine’). Normally, such EU military operations are carried out overseas. However, this does not seem to be the case here, raising legal questions as to whether this action has a sufficient legal basis in the EU Treaties. Continue reading >>Sex, God, and Blasphemy
Blasphemy used to be a grave offence once. Now, it is on the decline, making room for freedom of expression. Yet, two judgments of last week show that blasphemy has managed to re-enter the stage through the back door. In this blogpost, I argue that although both cases ended well, i.e. were decided in favour of freedom of expression of artists and activists, both courts erred in their assessment of the role of religion and religious sentiment in European secular democracies. Continue reading >>
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Die Unfähigkeit zu überzeugen
Scholz' Stil, die Mischung aus langem Schweigen und hervorschnappendem Bestimmen, unterscheidet sich von Merkels stiller wie von Schröders jovialer Autorität: Ein Basta in Slow Motion. Das Handeln des Bundeskanzlers hat, unabhängig davon, ob man es gut findet, einen festen Grund im Grundgesetz. Zugleich markiert es aber den Boden, nicht die Spitze bundesrepublikanischer Regierenskunst: Sie stützt sich nicht auf Kompetenzen, sondern auf Vertrauen. Continue reading >>
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18 October 2022
Digital Autonomy in Contractual Relationships
It is rare for two Advocates General of the European Court of Justice to differ on the interpretation of a fundamental legal act of the European Union. This is what recently occurred with regard to the General Data Protection Regulation. Continue reading >>A Chernobyl Case for our Times
On 10 October 2022, René Repasi, a member of the European Parliament, brought a case against the European Commission before the EU General Court. The key question of the case is procedural: Does an individual MEP have standing to claim before the Court that an EU act has been based on the wrong legal basis, if the choice of legal basis affects an MEP’s participatory rights. If Mr. Repasi succeeds, his case could significantly strengthen the Court’s role in protecting the rights of the minority in the European Parliament. It could introduce a new type of player to EU institutional legal battles – the MEP – and establish a sort of Organstreitverfahren for individual MEPs. Continue reading >>Is Taiwan a State?
Taiwan just celebrated its national day on 10 October 2022. In her speech, President Tsai Ing-wen traced the Republic of China’s resettling in Taiwan in 1949, to its democratization in the 1980s and 1990s, the latter of which transformed it into the Republic of China (Taiwan). Tsai also cautioned the People’s Republic of Chinas (the PRC) “attempts to erase the sovereignty of the Republic of China (Taiwan) have threatened the status quo of peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait and the region.” In contrast, in its “White Paper on Taiwan Question and the Unification of China in a New Era,” the PRC reiterated its longstanding position that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, and cited United Nations (UN) Resolution 2758 to advance its so-called “One China Principle” internationally. Continue reading >>
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Repasi vs Plaumann
On 10 October 2022 MEP René Repasi lodged an action for annulment against the complementary taxonomy delegated regulation 2022/1214. The same regulation is also challenged by Austria, a privileged applicant under Article 263 TFEU. This post focuses on the issue which MEP Repasi himself has noted is the most innovative of his action, namely the question whether an individual MEP has special legal standing to challenge an act (of the Commission) that affects how that MEP fulfils his parliamentary function. Continue reading >>
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17 October 2022
Die scheinbare Richtlinie
Nun also doch das Machtwort. In einem formal an die BundesministerInnen Steffi Lemke, Robert Habeck und Christian Lindner formulierten Schreiben hat der Bundeskanzler Olaf Scholz öffentlich seine Entscheidung verkündet, eine gesetzliche Grundlage schaffen zu wollen, die den Leistungsbetrieb aller drei noch laufenden Atomkraftwerke bis längstens zum 15. April 2023 ermöglicht. Damit wird zugleich der bereits seit einigen Wochen zwischen Robert Habeck und Christian Lindner schwelende Streit formal durch eine Richtlinie des Bundeskanzlers entschieden – Olaf Scholz beruft sich in seinem Schreiben ausdrücklich auf § 1 der Geschäftsordnung der Bundesregierung, die, Art. 65 S. 1 GG aufnehmend, die Richtlinienkompetenz des Bundeskanzlers normiert. Aber war das in dieser Form verfassungsrechtlich überhaupt möglich? Continue reading >>Rechtsfiguren als politische Waffen
Der US Supreme Court wird von vielen nicht mehr als ein (und sei es politisiertes) Gericht angesehen, sondern als ein durch und durch politischer Akteur, dessen Agenda darin besteht, das Programm der Republikanischen Partei auf gerichtlichem und das heißt: gegenmajoritärem Wege durchzusetzen. An dieser polarisierten Grundwahrnehmung dürfte sich auch in der am 3. Oktober eröffneten neuen Sitzungsperiode nichts ändern. Im Gegenteil. Es stehen erneut Entscheidungen von großer politischer Tragweite an. Unter anderem wird das Gericht in Moore v. Harper – „the most important case for American democracy in the almost two and a half centuries since America’s founding“ – über die Anerkennung der independent state legislature theory zu entscheiden haben. Continue reading >>Kein Untergang des Rechtsstaates durch EU-Russlandsanktionen für Rechtsanwält*innen
Angesichts des russischen Angriffskriegs auf die Ukraine sehen BRAK und DAV den Rechtsstaat in Deutschland bedroht. Allerdings bedauerlicherweise nicht durch die völkerrechtswidrigen Verbrechen des russischen Regimes, sondern durch die jüngste Reaktion der EU darauf. Erstmals wird in gewissem Umfang auch die Erbringung von Rechtsdienstleistungen für bestimmte russische Mandanten verboten. Und das hat umgehend zornige Reaktionen anwaltlicher Standesvertreter ausgelöst. Continue reading >>Three misconceptions about the EU rule of law crisis
There are three major academic and political misconceptions concerning the EU rule of law crisis. The first mistake is already in the denomination, as the name ‘rule of law crisis’ is actually misleading, the second is to believe that ‘the EU does not have the necessary legal tools’, and the third is to conceive it as a ‘crisis only in the Member States affected’. These misconceptions make the crisis look narrower and less threatening than what it actually is, while also offering excuses for inaction. Continue reading >>
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16 October 2022
Krisenresiliente Verteilungsgerechtigkeit
Die ExpertInnen-Kommission Gas und Wärme hat auf Wunsch der Bundesregierung am 10. Oktober ihre Vorschläge für die zentralen Elemente einer deutschen Gaspreisbreme vorgelegt. Der Vorschlag der Kommission und die Debatten darüber zeigen damit einmal mehr, dass die Energiekrise Fragen der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit aufwirft, für die der Staat in seiner Funktion als Sozialstaat Antworten zu formulieren hat. Dies gelingt ihm derzeit nur bedingt, da die krisentypische Notwendigkeit eines schnellen Handelns die dringend gebotenen Debatten zu Lasten der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit verkürzt oder verhindert. Continue reading >>
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14 October 2022
Diachrone Verantwortung statt „schuldig gesprochener Vergangenheit“
Diese Woche druckte die Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung einen Text des emeritierten Alt-Historikers Egon Flaig ab. Unter dem Titel „Schuldig gesprochene Vergangenheit“ versucht sich der Autor an einer Dekonstruktion der „postkolonialen Debatte“ und wirft dafür sämtliche Gewalttaten der Menschheitsgeschichte zusammen. Die Anliegen postkolonialer Debatten seien „absurd“ und “historische Gerechtigkeit“ ein „Unbegriff, ein Nonsense-Postulat“. Dass solch oberflächliche und reißerische Diskreditierung sämtlicher postkolonialer Ansätze in den Rechtswissenschaften nicht verfängt, ist ein Anliegen dieser Replik. Continue reading >>A Second Scottish Independence Referendum in the UK Supreme Court
On October 11 and 12 an important case was argued in the UK Supreme Court over whether the Scottish Parliament has the competence to enact an independence referendum Bill. The Lord Advocate, Dorothy Bain KC, the principle Law Officer for the Scottish Government, brought a reference to the Supreme Court under the Scotland Act 1998 Schedule 6 paragraph 34. Even though the prospects for the case are unencouraging, an independence referendum is only one limb of the Scottish Government’s planned strategy for independence. Continue reading >>The Mar Menor Lagoon Enjoys Legal Standing: and now, what?
On 30th September, the Spanish Parliament has completed the ‘Mar Menor Act’, granting legal personality to the lagoon of the Mar Menor and its basin. It is the first legal text in Europe which gives rights and legal standing to a natural body. Notably, the process was initiated by a public campaign triggering the legislative procedure. As legal scholars, we fear that this move, although it constitutes a strong expression of ecological awareness, will not solve the lagoon’s serious environmental deterioration. Continue reading >>Eine Laudatio, ein Schnitt und ein bedauerlicher Fehler
Bei der Aufbereitung des Videomaterials einer Preisverleihung ist dem ZDF nach eigenen Angaben ein „bedauerlicher Fehler“ unterlaufen, der mittlerweile beseitigt wurde. Seitdem sieht sich der Sender dem schwerwiegenden Vorwurf ausgesetzt, Zensur betrieben zu haben. Continue reading >>
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13 October 2022
Waiting for Godot
The words of the President of the European Commission during her keynote speech at Princeton University on 22 September have caused quite a stir. Responding to a question about the (then) upcoming elections and the prospect of a right-wing government comprising members related to Putin, Ursula von der Leyen (VDL) surprised everyone with a reference to the well-known situations in Hungary and Poland. Now that the formation of a new Italian government is well underway, this contribution reconsiders the fears fueled by VDL’s statements in light of the past and current context to draw some more general conclusions on the institution’s duty to respect and promote the EU’s founding values. Continue reading >>
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‘You are not alone’
For those who read last week’s news in constitutional justice, it would have been easy to miss the Fifth Congress of the World Conference on Constitutional Justice (WCCJ) on the theme ‘Constitutional Justice and Peace’ that was organized in Indonesia five years after the previous edition held in Lithuania. While featured on the Venice Commission’s website, the Congress was no prominent news in constitutionalist platforms, despite bringing together judges from 94 countries, many of whom are prominent academics in their respective jurisdictions, or even internationally. As this congress shows, constitutional courts can engage with academics, and are well positioned to do so, given they often contain judges with academic careers and experience. Such engagement might empower both institutions to respond to global autocratization more effectively. Continue reading >>The Cardinal vs. the Theater
On 11 October 2022, the Czech Constitutional Court published its eagerly-awaited judgment resolving the conflict between religious belief and freedom of artistic expression. The case was initiated by a constitutional complaint of the head of the Czech Roman Catholic Church, Archbishop of Prague, Cardinal Dominik Duka. The complainants alleged that a theater‘s allegorical plays which mocked the catholic church and their belief were blasphemous and violated their constitutional rights, in particular a freedom of religion. Continue reading >>
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12 October 2022
Corrupting the Anti-Corruption Program
In this blogpost, we’ll analyze the Anti-Corruption Task Force, sometimes translated as the Anti-Corruption Working Group. This is another institutional innovation that the Hungarian government proposes to establish in order to transform a kleptocracy into an accountable government. Like the Integrity Authority, the Anti-Corruption Task Force also looks like it might be a good idea on first glance but its significance dissolves on closer analysis. The Task Force is structured like hens trying to organize a safety plan when the local foxes have packed the meeting and dominate the discussion. Continue reading >>
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Evolution and Mutation in the EU’s DNA
In order to get rid of “classical” border controls between Member States, the EU Commission is trying to incentivise Schengen States to substitute them with so called “alternative measures”, for example the enforced use of police powers and monitoring and surveillance technologies. These technologies and their impacts confront us with the question what it means to move “freely” within an area of freedom, security and justice without internal frontiers. Continue reading >>
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Digitale Autonomie in Vertragsbeziehungen
Es kommt selten vor, dass zwischen zwei Generalanwälten des Europäischen Gerichtshofs bei der Interpretation eines grundlegenden Rechtsakts der Europäischen Union grundsätzliche Deutungsunterschiede aufbrechen. Dies ist dieser Tage hinsichtlich der Datenschutz-Grundverordnung geschehen. Continue reading >>
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Letting Human Rights Wait in Syrian Camps
Recently, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights handed down its decision about the repatriation of Daesh-involved family members of French citizens. The judgment has been widely commented on in the French and international press. The overall impression that emerged was that of a victory for the applicants and a clear denunciation of French policy regarding the general non-repatriation of French children and their mothers encamped in north-eastern Syria. Reality is, however, very different. In fact, the Court’s decision is very measured. In many respects, it does (too) little and comes (too) late. Continue reading >>
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11 October 2022
“Woman. Life. Freedom” and the Fate of Iran’s Constitutional Order
Streets of Tehran and other cities from Kurdistan to Zahedan are the scenes of unprecedented protests in the history of the Islamic Republic of Iran for its fourth consecutive week. The protests initially erupted when Mahsa (Zhina) Amini, a 22-year-old woman who was arrested by Morality Police in Tehran for what the government alleged to be improper hijab, shortly died in police custody. Her death was the latest and most tragic story of countless women whose bodies are policed and are subject to the state’s ideological homogenization on a daily basis. Continue reading >>
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IOC adds Human Rights Punch to the Lex Olympica
On 9 September 2022, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published its long-awaited “Strategic Framework on Human Rights”. The new Framework presents an overarching approach as well as concrete action plans for the IOC to address their human rights risks. This blogpost highlights both the potential of the Framework to change the way the IOC operates and the Olympics are organised and the many unknowns remaining regarding its actual transformative impact and concrete implementation in practice. Continue reading >>
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From Marginalization to Reproductive Justice
On 29th September 2022, a three-judge bench of the Indian Supreme Court passed its final order in a petition concerning the right to abortion for unmarried women. In a major progress for reproductive justice in India, the court decided in favour of unmarried women and recognized their equal right to access abortion. If followed, this judgment can potentially expand the wider access to sexual and reproductive health services for a range of groups. This marks a clear divide from previous approaches of the Supreme Court towards sexual and reproductive health. Continue reading >>
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10 October 2022
Neurechte Verfassungskatholiken
Viel wird über das Verhältnis der Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) zur grundgesetzlichen Ordnung geschrieben und gestritten. Es geht dabei um nicht weniger als die Frage, ob die AfD zumindest potenziell und zumindest teilweise verfassungsfeindlich sei. Die Partei selbst inszeniert sich dagegen mittlerweile offensiv, wie Maximilian Steinbeis kürzlich in seinem Editorial schrieb, „als die glühendsten Grundgesetz-Fans […], die die Republik je gesehen hat.“ Sie hat dafür sogar eine eigene „Initiative“ mit dem Titel „Gemeinsam für das Grundgesetz“ gestartet. Continue reading >>07 October 2022
Cutting the Gordian Knot in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Just after the polling stations on October 2, 2022, in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) had closed, High Representative Christian Schmidt dropped a bombshell when he imposed changes to the Election Law of BiH as well as 21 amendments to the Constitution of the Federation of BiH. It was the second decision of the High Representative regarding this year’s elections in BiH. Their recent impact to change the BiH Election Law on the evening of the elections as well as constitutional amendments raises the question of the sustainability of this complex post-conflict arrangement in BiH. Was the quick fix by the High Representative necessary, useful and justified? Continue reading >>
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How to Prevent Blockage of Judicial Appointments
Deadlock is a familiar phenomenon when it comes to the election of constitutional court or other apex court members. Currently, several appointments for the Spanish Constitutional Tribunal, inter alia, are blocked by a deadlocked General Council of the Judiciary. In many jurisdictions, rules are in place which aim to prevent at least some of these adversities. There is, however, a problem with these solutions. Continue reading >>1.3 Billionen Euro Kriegsreparationen an Polen
Die polnische Regierung fordert Reparationen von Deutschland zur Wiedergutmachung der Kriegsschäden des Zweiten Weltkriegs. Mal wieder. Doch dieses Mal scheint es der polnischen Regierung ernster als bisher. Ausdruck davon ist die Formalisierung der Forderungen in einer diplomatischen Note, die dieser Tage das deutsche Außenministerium erreichen soll. Das erneute Aufbringen der Thematik beruht auch auf einem dreibändigen Gutachten, in welchem die Schäden auf €1,352,483 Millionen Euro taxiert werden. Continue reading >>06 October 2022
Auto fahren oder Klima retten?
Vor dem Amtsgericht Berlin-Tiergarten finden zurzeit Prozesse gegen Aktivist:innen von Letzte Generation statt. Diese hatten sich an verschiedenen Straßen in Berlin festgeklebt, um auf die unzureichenden Klimaschutzmaßnahmen aufmerksam zu machen (die BZ prägte deshalb auch den Begriff „Klima-Kleber“). Dadurch kam es teilweise zu Straßensperren und Staus. Die jüngst ergangenen Urteile werfen die Frage nach den strafrechtlichen Grenzen von zivilem Widerstand bzw. Ungehorsam auf: Kann Klimaschutz ein strafrechtlicher Rechtfertigungsgrund sein? Continue reading >>How NOT to Be an Independent Agency
The Hungarian government is trying to convince EU institutions that it is taking adequate steps to ensure proper spending of EU funds going forward. At the center of this effort is a new ‘Integrity Authority’. The law establishing this authority, Bill T/1260, just passed the Hungarian Parliament on 3 October 2022. We have carefully read the laws enacted so far that establish a new anti-corruption framework and can confidently say that neither the Commission nor the Council should accept what the Hungarian government is offering because the proposed changes do not begin to alter business as usual in Hungary. In this blogpost, we will analyze the ‘Integrity Authority’ which forms the centerpiece of the government’s program, showing that it is not independent from the government nor are its powers real. Continue reading >>
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05 October 2022
Sham and Smokescreen
Since 27 April 2022, Hungary has been under the Rule of Law conditionality mechanism, introduced by the Conditionality Regulation. After various debates and considerations, and in the light of the blackmailing potential of the Hungarian prime minister, the Regulation, in a weaker form than initially proposed, works as a preventive tool for ensuring the protection of the EU budget and sound financial management of EU resources. The Hungarian government has a record of misleading (and betraying) the European Union, and apparently, it is not different now. Continue reading >>
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Penning a New Narrative of Turkey as a Military Nation
Amid heated discussions over the upcoming elections, one of the largest set of prosecutions in the history of the Turkish Republic has been completed this year. In the aftermath of the military coup of July 15, 2016, which claimed the lives of 250 people in a single night and triggered a state of emergency rule that endured two years, over 100.000 investigations had been carried out and 289 trials were opened against the perpetrators. As of May 2022, all 289 cases are concluded in the courts of first instance. The courts proved to be a constitute element of this new constellation of powers in the post-2016 era, re-adjusting the narrative of Turkey as a military nation. Continue reading >>
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Filtering fundamental rights
On platforms, the protection of fundamental rights is increasingly provided by algorithms. With the Digital Services Act (DSA) at the door, algorithms used for copyright protection were probably only the first step in regard to automated decision-making. Indeed, the DSA, conceived by the Union legislator as the new constitution of the Internet, presupposes the use of algorithmic filtering. Human pre-examination has become impossible due to the sheer amount of user-generated content. Filters are an effective moderation tool that is cost-effective compared to human review. But being fast is easier than being right: the usual method of applying European fundamental rights hangs heavily on the proportionality test, which at least at the current technological level escapes automation: fundamental rights cannot be filtered. Continue reading >>04 October 2022
Kartellrecht mit Klauen
Das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Klimaschutz (BMWK) hat am 26. September 2022 seinen Referentenentwurf zur 11. Novelle des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen vorgelegt (11. GWB-Novelle). Das BMWK vollzieht mit dem Entwurf nichts weniger als einen Paradigmenwechsel im deutschen Kartellrecht. Das Bundeskartellamt soll in Märkte eingreifen können, ohne dass dort Rechtsverstöße begangen werden. Daneben sollen kartellrechtswidrige Gewinne in Zukunft leichter abgeschöpft werden können. Die neuen Instrumente schließen Lücken im Wettbewerbsschutz und haben das Potential, das deutsche Kartellrecht nachhaltig zu verändern. Continue reading >>
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03 October 2022
Rising Before Sinking
On 22 September 2022, just one day before global climate protests took place in around 450 locations, the UN Human Rights Committee (Committee) has published its landmark decision in the case Daniel Billy et al. v. Australia. In casu, the Committee found that Australia failed to adequately protect members of an indigenous community present in four small, low-lying islands in the Torres Strait region from adverse impacts of climate change, which resulted in the violation of the complainants’ rights to enjoy their culture (Art. 27 ICPPR) and to be free from arbitrary interferences with their private life, family and home (Art. 17 ICCPR). The Committee thereby issued the first decision at the international level to tackle substantive human rights questions in the context of climate change that relate to the current situation of small islands and their indigenous inhabitants. Continue reading >>
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The Wind Doesn’t Fall – it Drops
Excessiveness can be actually measured in many ways, but it is always time sensitive, and path dependent. As the Global financial crisis in 2008 has clearly demonstrated, excessive profits by banks in the first decade of the century were by far offset with the immense losses coming after, and the Governments were urged to grant subsidies and grants to the very same companies they overtaxed just some years before. The conclusion in this respect is that any judgment of excessiveness depends on the timespan considered. Both the Italian and the European legislator seem to have forgotten this aspect. Continue reading >>
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01 October 2022
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger
Human rights courts can rarely avoid confrontation with backlashing states. This is particularly true for the two oldest and most prominent regional human rights courts, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). Yet, by close observation, we can witness that for both courts, backlash has triggered important institutional developments which will guide the work of human rights bodies in an increasingly polarized 21st century. Continue reading >>
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30 September 2022
The ECtHR’s Coping Strategy
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is operating in an increasingly challenging political and legal environment. Even if member states have stopped short of far-reaching reforms, they have signaled their collective desire for a more restrained Court, starting with the 2012 Brighton Declaration. Governments in established democracies, like the United Kingdom, have refused to implement or dragged-out implementation of ECtHR judgments. In some countries, government officials or major politicians have suggested exiting the Court’s jurisdiction altogether. Finally, several member states have rolled back domestic rights protections for politically unpopular groups, such as criminal defendants, suspected terrorists, asylum seekers, and non-traditional families. Continue reading >>29 September 2022
The Overreaching Court
In the United States, it does not appear to be the case that the apex judiciary faces truly significant attacks on its autonomy, whatever the expressed unhappiness of an increasing number of critics. At least some would argue that the problem is precisely the opposite, that the Supreme Court has a smug sense of its own autonomy and is willing to use it with reckless indifference to the consequences for the American polity overall. Continue reading >>
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What’s Next, Bro?
On September 25th, nearly 51 million Italians were called to the polls to elect the 19th Parliament of the Republic since 1948. All domestic and international media focused their attention on the two main novelties of this election: a landslide victory by a post-fascist, nationalistic, anti-European right-wing party and the paradox of the first female Prime Minister advocating a hyper-conservative view of women in society. Politically, these are no doubt major news. At the same time, Mrs. Meloni and her government-to-be is an unwritten piece of paper. Continue reading >>
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The Visa Ban, Nikolai and his Russian Sister
The absence of an EU-level decision to bar perceived Russians ‘tourists’ from visiting the EU, however, did not prevent several Member States from adopting such measures at the national level, departing from EU law provisions currently in force. Contrary to the ‘tourist -only’ narrative, however, the new rules severely affect Russian family members of EU citizens and residents – an issue that, so far, has escaped public attention. Continue reading >>Lessons from the United Kingdom’s “Enemies of the People” case
It is difficult to deny evidence of a potential backlash against the judiciary in the UK. Both Miller decisions sent shockwaves through the United Kingdom. This is despite both decisions having the effect of protecting the powers of Parliament rather than the courts, and both having a marginal, if any, impact on the ability of the UK government to achieve its desired Brexit outcome. It is hard to forget the ‘Enemies of the People’ headline following the first Miller decision. Continue reading >>
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