Robin Hofmann

Cannabis-Legalisierung light in Deutschland

Kurz nach Ostern 2023 hat der Bundesgesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach die Pläne zur Cannabis-Legalisierung der Regierungskoalition vorgestellt. Von der im Koalitionsvertrag vereinbarten Total-Legalisierung ist nicht viel übriggeblieben. Waren die Legalisierungsdebatte und die entsprechenden Konzepte bis dahin durch eine bemerkenswerte Ignoranz gegenüber der EU und ihren Vorgaben geprägt, wurden die neuen Pläne einem europarechtlichen Realitätscheck unterzogen. Das ist gut so. Trotzdem ist Lauterbachs Konzept weiterhin extrem ambitioniert und unionsrechtlich auf Kante genäht. Continue reading >>

Niall Coghlan

If the EU Picks Baby Genes

Which genes should children not inherit? This is a fundamental question. It arises acutely in medically assisted reproduction, such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination. One must frequently choose between different donors, sperm, eggs or embryos. The EU wishes to draw this line. However, Its proposed Substances of Human Origin Regulation (‘SoHO’) treads into delicate ethical and political territory, without properly addressing, or even mentioning, crucial ethical questions. This leads the EU to silently take three controversial positions: the proposal excludes most ethical considerations; it draws the line vaguely and below existing ethical standards; and it makes genetic selection mandatory in genetically assisted reproduction. Continue reading >>

Lennart Laude, Nicolas Harding

Notkredite immer und überall?

Spätestens seit der Corona-Krise und den damit verbundenen Haushaltspaketen von Bazooka bis Booster scheinen großangelegte Investitionsprogramme zum (haushalts-)politischen Alltag zu gehören. Zur Bewältigung kostspieliger Aufgaben entdeckten zunächst der Bund und nunmehr die Länder neue Instrumente für sich, um sich trotz der bestehenden Schuldenbremse Zugang zu Krediten zu verschaffen. Letzte Woche ist auf diesem Blog ein Beitrag von Joachim Wieland erschienen, der die Ansicht vertritt, die Klimakrise sei eine derartige Ausnahmesituation. Auch wenn diese Auffassung vom Ergebnis her wünschenswert erscheint, ist die finanzverfassungsrechtliche Legitimität entsprechender Notkredite auf Landesebene zumindest zweifelhaft. Continue reading >>

Lorin-Johannes Wagner

Investing Immobilized Russian Assets, Monetarizing the Common Foreign and Security Policy

Again, the Commission and EU Member States are talking about new sanctions against Russia. The focus, according to Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, should be on tackling sanctions circumvention and loopholes. In a scoop, however, it was also uncovered that the Commission has drawn up a non-paper “on the generation of resources to support Ukraine from immobilized Russian assets”. The idea behind this non-paper is to invest the immobilized assets of the Russian Central Bank in EU Member States’ bonds and bills and use the proceeds to support the reconstruction of Ukraine. The plan, as the non-paper indicates, is fraught with a number of legal and technical issues. These do not only relate to the question of whether or not such an investment of immobilized assets is compatible with international law and EU law, but also to the question of who should undertake and oversee these investments. Continue reading >>

Petra Sußner

Intersectionality in Climate Litigation

The ECtHR held a hearing in the case KlimaSeniorinnen v Switzerland. It is one of the first gender-based climate cases worldwide. The case offers novel perspectives on a range of issues. Crucially, it highlights new potential avenues for standing in human rights cases and pinpoints how age, health, gender, and climate change intersect. Continue reading >>

Ming-Sung Kuo

Context Is Open to Interpretation, Too

Taiwan is no longer ‘The Orphan of Asia’ as depicted in a 1983 mandarin Chinese pop song that gave expression to the Taiwanese’ feelings of betrayal and abandonment, after the US ‘recognize[d] the Government of the People’s Republic of China [PRC] as the sole legal Government of China’ in 1979 and withdrew its troops from the island. Today Taiwan is one of the most discussed geopolitical hotspots. In this contribution, I aim to take the discussion of Taiwan’s legal status forward in response to Wu and Lin’s outright rejection of the Resolution’s bearing on the Taiwan question, by drawing attention to the complexity of the context in which the Resolution was adopted. Continue reading >>

Steffen Hindelang, Julia Nassl, Argha Kumar Jena

Achmea Goes to Washington

Recently, a US District Court trashed a Dutch company's arbitral award against Spain. Why? Because investor-state arbitration within the EU violates European law. Yet, many tribunals keep issuing arbitral awards - especially under the infamous Energy Charta Treaty. Challenging those awards in domestic courts outside the EU, like here in Washington D.C., might work as corrective to the continuing illegal assumption of jurisdiction and blatant disregard for the EU Treaties by arbitral tribunals. Continue reading >>

Imelda Maher, Joelle Grogan

Closure and Continuity

Trade, sovereignty, rights and freedoms, courts, and constitutional change are lenses through which we can examine how two politically, culturally, and linguistically inextricably linked common law countries have defined their diverging relationship with the EU. 50 years on the divergence is complete. The UK is now a third country, charting a future outside the EU, while Ireland remains one of 27 Member States reporting high levels of trust and support for the EU. Hence 50 years on we have both the desire for closure (for the UK) and continuity (for Ireland). In fact, we argue that closure and continuity are necessary for the relations between both states and their relationship with the EU now and in the next half century. Continue reading >>

Jaime Olaiz-Gonzalez, Daniel Torres-Checa, Sebastián Incháustegui

Whispers of Change (Vol. II)

Mexico’s prolonged refusal to eliminate mandatory preventive detention from its legal system has slowly but steadily contributed to the rising tension between the Mexican Supreme Court, the Mexican State, and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Following both Courts’ recent decisions on the case of García Rodríguez y Alpízar Ortíz v. México (both have recently decided cases concerning virtually the same set of facts with notoriously varying outcomes), the discussion heats as it now relates to one of the most relevant inquiries of modern constitutional study: judicial review of constitutional provisions and amendments. Continue reading >>

Chien-Huei Wu, Ching-Fu Lin

Taiwan and the Myth of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758

At the United Nations (UN) press briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on 27 March 2023, critical and long-overdue questions resurfaced. With the Secretary General portrayed as a champion for democratic values, why has the UN shut the door on Taiwan, the most democratic country in Asia? Why are citizens of Taiwan not even allowed to enter the premises of the United Nations? Questions as such touch upon the scope and application of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, and the implications of China’s persistent strategy to inflate and distort it. Continue reading >>

Thoko Kaime, Isabelle Zundel

(No) News from East Africa

Whilst the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill is unconstitutional and should not be recognized by the national courts, the initiation of such a bill already catalyses tremendous consequences for the community. Further, considering the historical context of this Bill and realising the political expediency that drives the promotion bills like this this will certainly not be the end of developments in Uganda (and beyond). This is why it is critical that human rights defenders across the continent anticipate these setbacks and plan for contingencies. Continue reading >>

Andreas Nitschke

Verfassungsfeindliches Verhalten im öffentlichen Dienst

In den letzten Wochen und Monaten rückten verfassungsfeindliche Verhaltensweisen von Staatsdiener:innen wieder in verstärktem Maße in das Blickfeld der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung. Die MEGAVO-Studie hat am 4.4.2023 ihren Zwischenbericht vorgelegt. Danach finde sich im Bereich der Polizei „allenfalls eine kleine Anzahl von Personen, die ein konsistent menschen- und demokratiefeindliches Weltbild aufweist“. Allerdings seien „durchaus mehr als nur Einzelfälle“ gegeben, „bei denen die individuelle Einstellung kaum mit den Leitbildern der Polizei in Einklang zu bringen ist“. Jedenfalls vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen Sachstands in der Forschung kann allerdings dieser Befund gegenwärtig kaum weiterführende Erkenntnisse auf institutionellen Rassismus oder gar Rechtsextremismus in deutschen Behörden liefern. Continue reading >>

Rosa-Lena Lauterbach

Nordrhein-Westfalens menschenunwürdige Taschengeldpraxis

Dreißig Jahre gibt es das Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz (AsylbLG) nun. Zu diesem Anlass werden vom 20. bis 26. Mai 2023 einige Nichtregierungsorganisationen in der Aktionswoche gegen das AsylbLG darauf aufmerksam machen, dass das Gesetz dringend reformbedürftig ist. Das Ministerium für Kinder, Jugend, Familie, Gleichstellung, Flucht und Integration des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen verletzt seine Fürsorgepflicht für Geflüchtete mittels eines 'Runderlasses zur Auszahlung des Bargeldbedarfs zur Deckung des notwendigen persönlichen Bedarfs nach dem Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz'. Teile dieses Runderlasses zur Auszahlung des Bargeldbedarfs sind nach der hier vertretenen Auffassung rechtswidrig. Continue reading >>

Colm O'Cinneide

Democracy, Sovereignty and Europe

Fifty years after Ireland and UK joined the EEC together in January 1973, the two states find themselves on radically different European trajectories. Both are common law countries with shared traditions of parliamentary governance and strong cultural links to the wider Anglosphere. However, in Ireland there is broad elite and popular support for maintaining alignment with the requirements of EU and ECHR law – while, in the UK, such European influences trigger a sharp allergic reaction. What explains this dramatic divergence? The answer perhaps lies partially in the differing ‘constitutional imaginaries’ of Ireland and the UK, and how EU and ECHR alignment is understood to impact on the exercise of popular sovereignty in both states. Continue reading >>

András Jakab

Wie die EU durch das Spitzenkandidatensystem ihre illiberalen Regime in Ungarn und Polen bekämpfen könnte

Die Europäische Union scheint unfähig zu sein, gegen die illiberalen Regime in Polen und Ungarn erfolgreich vorzugehen. Dabei hält sich der Irrglaube, dass die EU keine rechtlichen Mittel zur Verfügung habe, um gegen diese undemokratischen Staaten anzukämpfen. Dies ist nicht der Fall. Die EU hat und hatte schon immer die nötigen Mittel zur Hand, die jedoch auch tatsächlich genutzt werden müssten. Der notwendige Schritt, um dies zu garantieren, ist so einfach wie wirksam. Die EU muss das Spitzenkandidatensystem für die Europäische Kommission wiedereinsetzen. Continue reading >>

Hannah Ruschemeier

Squaring the Circle

The Italian Data Protection Authority banned ChatGPT for violating EU data protection law. As training and operating large language models like ChatGPT requires massive amounts of (personal) data, AI's future in Europe, to an extent, hinges upon the GDPR. Continue reading >>

Zérah Brémond

Corporate Duty of Vigilance and Environment

On February 23, 2023, French bank BNP Paribas was sued before the civil tribunal in Paris for having allegedly breached its environmental duty of vigilance. In particular, deficiencies in the vigilance plan related to the allocation fundraising activities are criticized. This climate litigation, involving a French bank for the first time, could increase the liability of financial protagonists in the fight against climate change if it succeeded. Nevertheless, one may doubt that the case against BNP Paribas will prove to be successful, as previous ones – which had been introduced under the 2017 law of vigilance (LdV) – are all either pending or unsuccessful. Continue reading >>

Alison Young

Constitutional Change in the UK – People or Party?

The UK’s membership of, and later exit from, the EU has had a dramatic effect on the UK constitution. It also provided a catalyst for further change. These demonstrate the relative ease with which the UK constitution can be modified, reinforcing the UK’s characterisation as a predominantly political, flexible constitution. This post will argue that these transformations illustrate something more fundamental that applies to all constitutions – be they predominantly codified or uncodified, with or without the ability of the courts to strike down unconstitutional legislation. Continue reading >>

Franziska Johanna Albrecht

Viel Grau, wenig Grün

Der Koalitionsausschuss hat sich letzte Woche auf eine „Weiterentwicklung“ des Klimaschutzgesetzes sowie auf die Festschreibung eines „überragenden öffentlichen Interesses“ zur Beschleunigung zahlreicher Autobahnprojekte geeinigt. Beschleunigt werden soll aber auch im Bereich des Naturschutzes. Allerdings ist fragwürdig, ob mit den vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen nur das Tempo bei der Umsetzung verschiedener Infrastrukturvorhaben auf Kosten der Natur erhöht wird, oder ob damit – wie auf dem Papier angestrebt – auch eine echte Effektivierung des Naturschutzes einhergehen kann. Bislang setzen die Reformvorschläge der Koalition auf möglichst wenig Konfrontation mit konkurrierenden Flächenansprüchen – damit wird sich ein effektiver Schutz der Biodiversität nicht erreichen lassen. Continue reading >>

Ayşegül Kars Kaynar

Turkey’s Envisioned Exit from Authoritarianism

Turkey has been ruled by the AKP under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s leadership for more than 20 years. Throughout this time, Erdoğan got almost total control over state administration and judiciary, and enchained the media and big capital owners to himself. The Nation Alliance vows to change the political regime from executive presidentialism to parliamentary democracy in case it should defeat Erdoğan on May 14. In that regard, Turkey will turn over a new leaf in its Republican history, if, for the first time, a regime change would take place through a civilian transition. Continue reading >>

Kai Ambos

Humanizing Warfare as a Project of Power Politics and Colonial Exclusion

The myth of the Geneva Conventions as a liberal, inclusive project has been thoroughly deconstructed. Two recent books, Boyd van Dijk's "Preparing for War. The Making of the Geneva Conventions" and Hugo Slim's "Solferino 21. Warfare, Civilians and Humanitarians in the Twenty-First Century" delve into the history of the humanitarian project and shed light on its imperial and postcolonial contexts. A review essay. Continue reading >>

Colin Murray

Imposing Brexit onto Northern Ireland’s Post-Conflict Governance Order

The Westphalian state provides for an all-but ubiquitous building block of governance. It stacks neatly into dominant accounts of multi-level governance, with all states being presented as nominal equals on the plain of international law. Where reasons of scale or the needs of diverse societies require, sub-state levels of governance can be introduced into the equation. Multiple states, moreover, can pool aspects of their law and decision making where they see the advantages of so doing, resulting in regional supra-national bodies such as the EU. Continue reading >>

Kim Lane Scheppele, John Morijn

Frozen

After years of inaction, the European Commission and Council jointly acted to freeze EU funds totaling more than €28.7 billion for Hungary and more than €110 billion for Poland at the end of 2022, citing rule-of-law violations. Surprisingly, the decisions were taken not just (or even primarily) using the new Conditionality Regulation designed for that purpose. Instead, they used a variety of other legal tools to which rule-of-law conditionality was attached. It remains somewhat mysterious, however, precisely which funds and what proportion of those funds have been suspended, and how those suspensions have been legally justified. This post, a shorter version of a SIEPS paper that will be published soon, describes what we know about the complex set of funding suspensions intended to make EU Member States pay for their rule-of-law violations. Continue reading >>

Anmol Jain

Rahul Gandhi’s Disqualification and the Future of Political Opposition in India

With the general elections scheduled for early next year and several crucial state elections lined up for later this year, the ruling party’s onslaught on their opposition continues in India. The Bharatiya Janata Party (“BJP”) government has left no channel of state power unused in its crusade against opposition parties. The disqualification of Rahul Gandhi – one of the most prominent leaders of the opposition from the India National Congress (“INC”) – is another episode of the degeneration of democracy in India. Continue reading >>

Christian Heinze

Die private Durchsetzung des Unionsrechts

Welche Ansprüche bestehen bei Verstoß gegen unionsrechtlich fundierte Normen, die keine eigenen Rechtsfolgenanordnungen vorsehen – diese Frage ist seit einigen Jahren zu einem zentralen Thema (auch) des Privatrechts geworden. Im Kern geht es um ein Problem, das sich in allen föderal organisierten oder supranational beeinflussten Rechtsordnungen stellt: Wie kann trotz der Ebenentrennung von (unionalen) Rechten („rights“) und (nationaler) Rechtsdurchsetzung („remedies“) eine wirksame Durchsetzung der Regeln der höheren Ebene durch die niedrigere Ebene gewährleistet werden – und welche Rolle spielt in diesem System das Privatrecht? Die Diesel-Entscheidung C-100/21 der Großen Kammer des EuGH gibt neue Impulse für eine Debatte, die das Privatrecht noch lange beschäftigen wird. Continue reading >>

Suzanne Kingston

A Fond Embrace?

As with any relationship, significant anniversaries offer us an opportunity to take stock. Looking backwards allows us not only to appreciate how far we have come, but also, perhaps, to reflect on the direction in which we might be heading. To date, upwards of 2,200 judgments of the Irish courts have considered EU or Community law in some form. Against this context, this short contribution reflects on the reception of EU law in the Irish courts since 1973. Continue reading >>

Aeyal Gross

The Battle Over the Populist Constitutional Coup in Israel

On the night of March 26, 2023, the battle over the constitutional overhaul planned by Israel’s Netanyahu government reached an apex moment. Much uncertainty lies ahead. What is clear is that a combination of massive protests, pressure by significant groups in Israeli society such as the tech industry and elite military reservists, and American pressure forced Netanyahu to suspend the legislative process. Whether this development will lead to the burial or the reemergence of the constitutional coup is yet to be seen. The road ahead is complicated, as rejection of the coalition’s plan, while seemingly a victory for the democracy movement, may also serve to feed the populist argument about elites. Continue reading >>

Elaine Fahey

Number Crunching EU Law and the Irish Legal Order

In this short piece, I will outline a few of the extremes of the Irish relationship with Europe that I have personally studied or encountered and its impact in my view. Many years ago, I wrote a dissertation on the relationship between EU law and the Irish legal order, on the unravelling dynamic since accession, focussing upon the preliminary reference data. I felt it was a deserving topic precisely because there was so little interest as to the relationship between EU law and Ireland. Ireland was uniformly always excluded from major US and EU political science studies that have been iconic in shaping views on EU integration. Continue reading >>

Kai Ambos

Die papierene Macht des Rechts und seine Perversion

Deutschland sah sich gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs verstärkten Bombenangriffen ausgesetzt, die natürlich auch Justizgebäude nicht verschonten, ganz abgesehen vom Personalschwund durch Abberufung von Richtern an die Front. Gleichwohl habe es, so Benjamin Lahusen in seiner Studie "Der Dienstbetrieb ist nicht gestört. Die Deutschen und ihre Justiz 1943-1948", einen Stillstand der Rechtspflege niemals gegeben. Jedenfalls haben die Rechtsarbeiter und ihr Hilfspersonal alles dafür getan, dass der ungestörte Dienstbetrieb noch lange aufrechterhalten werden konnte. Wie ist das Bemühen um die Aufrechterhaltung des Dienstbetriebs zu bewerten? Handelt es sich um eine zivilisatorische und damit deutsche Errungenschaft oder stellt es nur den Gipfel der Perversion dar, wenn inmitten eines inländischen und ausländischen Vernichtungskriegs die Justiz in den normalen Alltagsfällen noch ihrer Arbeit nachgeht und dem Bürger das Gefühl einer Rechtsordnung oder sogar eines Rechtsstaats gibt? Continue reading >>

Johannes Herb

Die Deutschen und ihr Auto

Am 23. September 2015 trat Martin Winterkorn als Vorstandsvorsitzender von VW wegen des sog. Abgasskandals zurück. Man möchte meinen, dass fast acht Jahre später dessen juristische Aufarbeitung abgeschlossen oder zumindest weit vorangeschritten ist. Doch mit seiner vergangene Woche verkündeten Entscheidung stellt der EuGH die bisherige rechtliche Beurteilung des Bundesgerichtshofs und diverser Oberlandesgerichte grundlegend in Frage. Wie ist es dazu gekommen? Der Beitrag will versuchen, darauf eine weniger dogmatische, sondern primär privatrechtstheoretische Antwort zu geben. Meine These ist, dass hier hintergründig ein spezifisch privatrechtliches mit einem unionsrechtlichen Systemdenken konfligiert. Continue reading >>