26 June 2021
Scheitert „Deutsche Wohnen & Co enteignen“ an ungültigen Stimmen?
Gestern, am 25. Juni, endete die Sammelfrist des Volksbegehrens „Deutsche Wohnen & Co enteignen“. Beim Zwischenstand waren von insgesamt rund 197.000 abgegebenen Unterschriften fast 30% ungültig. Der häufigste Grund: die fehlende deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit der Unterschreibenden. Doch ist das Berliner Volksbegehren „Deutsche Wohnen & Co enteignen“ nur für Deutsche, die in Berlin wohnen, zulässig? Continue reading >>
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25 June 2021
The Guardian is Absent
What limits does European Union (EU) law impose on Member States invoking national security to temporarily re-introduce border controls within the Schengen Area? This question will be answered soon by the European court of Justice (ECJ) in the joined cases C-368/20 NW v Landespolizeidirektion Steiermark and C-369/20 NW v Bezirkshauptmannschaft Leibnitz. Continue reading >>Attack on the Rights of LGBTQIA+ People in Hungary: Not Just Words, but Deeds as Well?
On 15 June, the Hungarian parliament voted by an overwhelming majority to pass legislation that, in essence, and under the pretext of protecting minors, bans images or content that depicts or ‘promotes’ homosexuality or trans-identity from the public space. The new law adds to a long list of measures already adopted by Hungary over the past several years, that also have the objective of discriminating and stigmatising the LGBTQIA+ population. These measures moreover are part of a wider context of deliberate erosion of liberal democracy in Hungary. The European Union's toolbox reveals its limits here. Why, therefore, not turn to the Council of Europe, with its European Convention on Human Rights and European Court of Human Rights? Continue reading >>Constituent Process and Constituent Power
Chile’s constituent process is well underway. Last month, on 16 and 17 May 2021, the election for the 155 members of the Constitutional Convention, the organ responsible for drafting a new constitution, was held. Since then, however, the rules that govern the constituent process have become contested. 34 of the elected members of the Convention issued a declaration on 8 June 2021, claiming that the constituent organ has sovereign character and is not bound by the current constitutional order which came into force under Pinochet’s dictatorship. Continue reading >>
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24 June 2021
Was heißt hier eigentlich ausufernd?
Über „Rasse“ und Rassismus im Recht wird in letzter Zeit so intensiv diskutiert wie nie zuvor in Deutschland. In welche Widersprüche man dabei geraten kann, wurde in dieser Woche im Bundestag sichtbar: Während im Rechtsausschuss der Begriff „rassistisch“ im Grundgesetz abgelehnt wurde, weil er „völlig unbestimmt“ sei und eine ausufernde Rechtsprechung zu befürchten sei, einigte man sich fast zeitgleich im Innenausschuss darauf eben diesen Begriff im Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz als Ausschlussgrund für Einbürgerungen zu verwenden. Auch diese Episode der Rechtspolitik zeigt erneut, dass Deutschland beim Umgang mit „Rasse“ und Rassismus im Recht immer noch erheblichen Entwicklungsbedarf hat. Continue reading >>
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Is UEFA on “the Other Side of the Rainbow”?
UEFA's stance on the rainbow flag has generated attention around the world. The disciplinary proceedings against Manuel Neuer by UEFA show: sport governing bodies still massively limit the freedom of political expressions by the athletes during big sporting events. Continue reading >>
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Unpersuasive but Wise
On 16 June, by two parallel orders, the EU Court of Justice said the last word on the legality of advocate general Sharpston’s divestment. In the end, the Court did little more than reiterate the press statement it made in response to the member states’ declaration on the subject. The member states made a legitimate decision based on an old custom, and the Court could do nothing but oblige. Continue reading >>The Northern Ireland Protocol “Sausage Wars”
Five years after the Brexit referendum, the legal stalemate on the Protocol on Ireland and Northern Ireland the impasse between the UK and the EU continues, despite the conclusion of the Withdrawal Agreement and the Trade and Cooperation Agreement. While the concept of “state civil disobedience” could be applied to the UK government’s actions since, this is an inappropriate means to conceptualise the conflict. Instead, the more familiar concept of legally justified exceptions to obligations would have been a more appropriate means of pre-empting the dispute during the creation of the Protocol. Continue reading >>The Digital Services Act wants you to “sue” Facebook over content decisions in private de facto courts
According to Art. 18 of the Commission’s draft for a Digital Services Act [Art. 21 of the final text], Member States shall certify out-of-court dispute settlement bodies which might - at the request of online platform users - review platform decisions. While well-intentioned, this introduction of quasi-courts is incompatible with European Law. Continue reading >>
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23 June 2021
Military Justice, Journalism and Free Speech in Brazil
On 17 June, 2021, the Attorney-General of the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court affirmed that, in the government's view, the Military Justice has competence to try civilians accused of criminal offences against the honor of military institutions. He proposed that crimes related to the freedom of speech should be tried by a special military branch of the judiciary. The attacks on free speech by the government through the Attorney-General is another sign of the democratic erosion process. Continue reading >>
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22 June 2021
Ein stumpfes Schwert
Im Vordergrund steht bei den neuen Transparenzregeln für Bundestagsabgeordnete das Anliegen, Interessenverknüpfungen transparent(er) zu machen, die für die parlamentarische Arbeit bedeutsam sein können. Diese Stoßrichtung ist zu begrüßen und dürfte auf der Grundlage der Leitentscheidung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zum Status der Abgeordneten aus dem Jahre 2007 grundsätzlich nicht zu beanstanden sein. Allerdings fehlt weiterhin eine unabhängige Kontrollinstanz, die die Einhaltung der verschärften (nichtstrafrechtlichen) Regeln prüft, weshalb die Maßnahmen sich einmal mehr als ein stumpfes Schwert zu erweisen drohen. Continue reading >>
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Chile’s Kaleidoscopic Constituent Assembly
Chile is getting rid of Pinochet — at long last. Last month, Chileans elected a constituent assembly that will draft a constitutional text to replace the current Constitution, which the dictator imposed in 1980. Though the result of the deliberative process that will soon commence is uncertain, one thing is sure: Chile’s constituent assembly resembles the country in ways that no political arrangement had allowed so far. Continue reading >>
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21 June 2021
Irrationale Farbenlehre
Reichs- und Reichskriegsflaggen tauchen nicht zuletzt auf Corona-Demonstrationen vermehrt auf. Die Bundesinnenministerkonferenz hat diese Woche einen Mustererlass beschlossen, der Eingriffsmöglichkeiten gegen solche Flaggen bereitstellen soll. Dabei ergibt sich ein Abwägungskonflikt zwischen der öffentlichen Ordnung als symbolischer Ordnung und einer formal verstandenen Meinungsfreiheit. Continue reading >>20 June 2021
Predictable and Unsatisfying
Most EU lawyers have already seen it looming on the horizon: On 16 June 2021, former Advocate General Eleanor Sharpston lost the legal dispute against her former employer, the European Court of Justice. Although the outcome in this regard was predictable, the decision is overall somewhat unsatisfying. The CJEU seems to be of that opinion in finding that Sharpston’s mandate ended automatically with the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU. The Court does so without revealing its legal considerations and interpretation of EU primary law in its reasoning. Continue reading >>
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19 June 2021
CJEU’s Independence and Lawful Composition in Question (Part V)
The Sharpston Affair is over, at least as a matter of proceedings before the CJEU. The litigation had aimed at saving the CJEU’s dignity, but the opposite result has been achieved. At the critical juncture when the CJEU’s authority stands contested by the courts of established democracies, the phony panels of the ‘illiberal’ ones, as well as the immature in-betweens, the CJEU managed to pour oil into the fire and signed off its own lack of independence: when it is needed the most, its legitimacy is in the doghouse. Continue reading >>18 June 2021
“Non-Existent”
Last Tuesday, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal delivered a ruling which makes the extent of the crisis of the rule of law in Poland unambiguously clear. And it shows how the gap with Europe is widening day by day. If the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe lets this pass, it will not only be a blow to the authority and effectiveness of the Strasbourg Court of Human Rights. Then the guardians of the rule of law will have surrendered even faster than we thought. Continue reading >>Ultra Vires Control and European Democracy
On 9 June 2021, the European Commission filed infringement proceedings against the Federal Republic of Germany. Though the infringement procedure has been welcomed by some scholars as a necessary reaction of the Commission, I argue that initiating the infringement procedure is politically unwise, legally questionable, and ultimately unfounded. Continue reading >>„Ne bis in idem“ – auch für Mörder?
Vergangenen Freitag, am 11. Juni 2021, hat der Bundestag einen Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen CDU/CSU und SPD behandelt. Inhalt: Wiederaufnahme im Strafprozess nach rechtskräftigem Freispruch bei Verbrechen wegen Mordes und Verbrechen nach VStGB. Der Entwurf führt ausdrucksstark an, dass die bisherige Rechtslage zu „schlechterdings unerträglichen Ergebnissen führen würde“. Doch Gegner des Vorhabens sehen die Rechtssicherheit in Gefahr, die anders zu beantworten sind, als dies der Gesetzentwurf macht. Continue reading >>A Tale of Primacy Part. II
On 18 May 2021, the CJEU issued a judgment on several requests for preliminary ruling by Romanian national courts regarding the impact of EU law on Romanian laws on the judiciary and the CVM. On 8 June, the Romanian Constitutional Court issued a decision pertaining to the subject. In a succession of legal nonsense, it shattered hope that the CJEU’s judgment could be a guide for national courts for applying the primacy of the EU law. Continue reading >>17 June 2021
A Hidden Revolution
European data protection law has become (in-)famously known as one of the main tools for both the European legislature and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to push the boundaries of European integration. The most recent decision of the Court in Case C-645/19, 15 June 2021 – Facebook Ireland continues this well-established tradition. What may at first glance appear as a rather technical ruling might initiate a hidden revolution and lead to an unprecedented step for the ever-closer integration of the EU’s legal order. Continue reading >>
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Sind Verstöße gegen die Vorlagepflicht noch an Art. 101 GG zu messen?
Aussetzungs- und Vorlagebeschlüsse deutscher Gerichte sind unionsrechtlich volldeterminierte Akte deutscher Staatsgewalt. Damit sind sie seit der BVerG-Entscheidung "Recht auf Vergessen II" nicht mehr an dem Grundgesetz, sondern an den Chartagrundrechten zu messen, genauer gesagt an Art. 47 UAbs. 2 GRC. Continue reading >>16 June 2021
Bestenauswahl oder Beinfreiheit?
Am kommenden Donnerstag wird sich der schleswig-holsteinische Landtag mit einem Gesetzentwurf zwecks Änderung des Landesrichtergesetzes befassen. Der Entwurf wird von allen demokratischen Fraktionen getragen und zielt im Kern darauf ab, die Grundsätze der Bestenauswahl nach Art. 33 Abs. 2 GG bei der Anstellung und Beförderung von RichterInnen im Land zugunsten von „mehr Beinfreiheit“ für den Richterwahlausschuss zurückzufahren. Wer „die Besten“ sind, soll sich fortan nicht mehr (nur) nach Eignung, Befähigung und fachlicher Leistung, sondern nach anderen, allerdings nicht näher beschriebenen Kriterien entscheiden. Der Plan ist nicht nur verfassungsrechtlich, sondern auch politisch höchst problematisch. Continue reading >>A Hollow Threat
On 10 June, the European Parliament passed a resolution on the application of the Conditionality Regulation and threatens to take the EU Commission to Court. However, the very peculiar ‘action for failure to act’ set out in Article 265 TFEU is not an appropriate procedure to solve the problem at issue. The Parliament should employ the more political means at its disposal to tackle a problem that is ultimately political in nature. Continue reading >>
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The Demise of Viking and Laval
In Viking and Laval, the ECJ reduced the right of trade unions to take collective action and made it subject to the requirements of the four freedoms, effectively undermining its recognition as a fundamental right according to EU law. This sent shockwaves through the trade unions of Europe. In its recent Holship ruling, the ECtHR has challenged this, with potentially wide-reaching implications for the relationship between the human rights and EU fundamental freedoms, seen from the perspective of Strasbourg. Continue reading >>15 June 2021
Ende der Krise ohne Ende des Krisenrechts?
Die Pandemie geht, das Lernen geht weiter – oder genauer sagt: beginnt erst richtig. Ausnahmesituationen weisen drei riskante Zonen auf: Den Übergang in das Sonderrecht, die Begrenzung des Sonderrechts und den Ausstieg aus dem Sonder- in den Normalfall. Sie alle haben sich in der Bundesrepublik nach den Vorgaben des Grundgesetzes zu vollziehen. Denn Pandemie und Katstrophen sind Ausnahmesituationen im Recht, nicht vom Recht; nach der Verfassung, nicht von der Verfassung. Continue reading >>
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The Courts Strike Back
The Shell case, decided by the Hague District Court on 26 May 2021, is part of a growing body of climate cases. What the Shell case does is that it liberates the political-decision maker from the suffocating grip of investor state dispute settlement mechanisms, in particular the mechanism under the Energy Charter Treaty. Continue reading >>No Country for ‘Old Men’
On 2 June 2021, Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky submitted a bill on the status of oligarchs before the Ukrainian parliament. The bill would have wide-ranging implications. It does not only provide a definition of who counts as an oligarch but also provides measures to reduce the influence of oligarchs in media and public life. Continue reading >>
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From Russia with Love
On 15 June, the Hungarian Parliament is expected to vote on a legislative package on stricter actions against paedophile offenders. Attached to this noble cause, the ruling party seeks to prohibit the “representation” and “promotion” of LGBTI identities to minors. The proposal would outlaw almost any mention of sexual and gender minorities in schools. Continue reading >>
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The Power of Open Norms
In a judgement of 26 May, the District Court of the Hague found that Royal Dutch Shell has an “individual responsibility” to limit its carbon emissions by at least 45 percent by 2030. Notable about the ruling is the unwritten standard of care functioning as an open norm, facilitating the accountability of private power. The openness of legal categories not only entails a potential to drive forward social change, but it also implicitly highlights the political role and nature of private law. Continue reading >>14 June 2021
Kippt die Kommission die Braunkohle-Entschädigung?
Die Bundesregierung hat sich mit verschiedenen Betreibergesellschaften auf eine millardenschwere Entschädigung für den Braunkohle-Ausstieg geeinigt. Nicht nur die öffentliche Kritik an der Einigung ist groß. Auch die EU-Kommission hat Zweifel an der EU-Rechtskonformität der Entschädigungszahlungen geäußert und nun ein förmliches Prüfverfahren eingeleitet. Continue reading >>
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Does the End of the Netanyahu Government Mark the End of “Democratic Backsliding” in Israel?
What does the end of the Netanyahu era mean for “constitutional populism” in Israel, where the “Nation-State Law" was cited as one of the main components of an “anti-constitutional” revolution? To answer these questions, we should recall that the Israeli version of “democratic decline”/constitutional crisis/populism developed against a complex background. The most important element of it is the attempt to entrench Israel’s ethnic nature as a “Jewish state,” against liberal currents epitomized for the right wing in several rulings of the Israeli Supreme Court. Continue reading >>Defending Democracy with Authoritarian Means
Brazilian Congress is currently discussing a legislative proposal to replace the current Law of National Security, enacted during the time of the military dictatorship in Brazil. It revokes the current Law of National Security and introduces a new section to Brazil’s Criminal Code defining various crimes against democracy, such as political violence, the dissemination of fake news in electoral campaigns and sabotage against democratic institutions. Continue reading >>12 June 2021
Die Ultra-vires-Kontrolle als notwendiger Baustein der europäischen Demokratie
Am 9. Juni 2021 hat die Europäische Kommission, in Antwort auf das PSPP-Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts vom 5. Mai 2020, ein Vertragsverletzungsverfahren gegen die Bundesrepublik Deutschland eingereicht. Dieses Vertragsverletzungsverfahren ist politisch unklug, rechtlich unzulässig und womöglich unbegründet. Allerdings birgt es auch das Potential, die unionsrechtliche Zulässigkeit des Rechtsinstituts der Ultra-vires-Kontrolle festzustellen. Continue reading >>11 June 2021
A Matter of Principle
On 9 June 2021, the European Commission announced that it is bringing an infringement procedure against Germany for breach of fundamental principles of EU law. The procedure is less about the possible outcomes and more a matter of principle. By launching it, the Commission is emphasizing the notion of equality between the member states. Continue reading >>Kenya and the BBI Five
On May 13 this year, a five-judge bench of the Kenya High Court struck down a state effort to amend Kenya’s 2010 Constitution. The ruling was a shocker when it came down. Will the Court of Appeal rescue or sink President Kenyatta? Continue reading >>Bringing a Knife to a Gunfight
On 10 June 2021, the European Parliament adopted a Resolution on the Rule of Law situation in the European Union and the application of the Conditionality Regulation. In this Resolution, the European Parliament expresses its concerns about the regression of the democratic situation in several member States and regrets the inaction of other institutions, notably the Council and the Commission. Continue reading >>
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Kein „body-count“ bei subsidiärem Schutz
Der Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg muss über die Klagen auf subsidiären Schutz von zwei afghanischen Staatsangehörigen entscheiden und hat den EuGH um Klärung der unionsrechtlichen Kriterien zur Gewährung subsidiären Schutzes gebeten. Am 10. Juni entschied der EuGH nun gegen den rein quantitativen „body-count“ Ansatz des Bundesverwaltungsgerichts. Continue reading >>Der Fall Brandstetter und der österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof
Der Skandal um private Chat-Nachrichten zwischen einem Richter des österreichischen Verfassungsgerichtshofs und einem Sektionschef des Justizministeriums wirft ein Schlaglicht auf ein Problem des Verfassungsgerichtshofs generell: dass seine Mitglieder ihr Amt neben ihrem Beruf ausüben. Continue reading >>10 June 2021
Versammeln unter Aufsicht
Die Landesregierung von Nordrhein-Westfalen prischt mit einem eigenen Versammlungsgesetz vor. Der Gesetzesentwurf ist tief von einem polizeilichen Trauma im Kontext der Proteste gegen den Braunkohleabbau und die Energiepolitik geprägt. Der Ansatz von Innenminister Reul, die seit der Brokdorf-Entscheidung des BVerfG etablierten Grundsätze eines mit Art. 8 GG kompatiblen Versammlungsrechts „auch in anderen Zusammenhängen einmal auf den Prüfstand“ zu stellen, trug offenbar in der Regierungskoalition Früchte. Continue reading >>Constitutional Triumph or Constitutional Aberration?
The Kenyan Hight Court's incorporation of the basic structure doctrine into the Kenyan constitutional framework has been generally received as a cause for celebration among constitutional scholars. This article, however, calls for some restraint in the growing scholarly celebration of efforts to expand the basic structure doctrine. Continue reading >>
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09 June 2021
Kein Anspruch auf Sendezeit
Rechtsradikale Parteien haben keinen Rechtsanspruch auf Programmpräsenz im öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk. Es bleibt der Programmautonomie der Sender und der Redaktionen überlassen, wie sie mit den Vertreter*innen der AfD im Programm umgehen wollen. Continue reading >>Nicaragua’s Electoral Counter-Reform
On 4 May 2021, the Nicaraguan National Assembly adopted an electoral reform. Alongside other legislative acts that limit civil society’s operating space, the electoral reform not only sets a gloomy outlook for presidential elections scheduled in Nicaragua for November this year. The reform also violates Inter-American democratic standards as it severely restricts the independence of political parties and leaves the Supreme Electoral Council under significant influence of Nicaragua’s governing party and president. Continue reading >>
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Shell’s Climate Obligation
On 26 May, the District Court of The Hague ruled that the fossil fuels company Royal Dutch Shell needs to reduce its emissions by 45 percent by 2030, compared to 2019. Precisely, the court held Shell responsible for its entire production and supply chain. The ruling will greatly advance the implementation of Article 2 of the Paris Agreement and climate-related human rights. Continue reading >>
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Standing for Piglets
In a non-acceptance order of 14 May 2021, the German Federal Constitutional Court refused to accept a constitutional complaint submitted by the German Branch of the animal rights organization PETA for adjudication. The Constitutional Court missed an opportunity to open the constitution to non-anthropocentric approaches. A constitutional amendment might be necessary to explicitly terminate the long-standing mediatization of the natural environment with its negative consequences for the effectiveness of environmental law and protection. Continue reading >>
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Framing and Raiding
In early June 2021, Bulgaria’s Prosecutor’s Office raided the Ministry of Interior and raised charges against a senior employee. According to the Minister of Interior Boyko Rashkov, the goal of the Prosecutor’s Office is to sabotage an inquiry into illegal wiretapping. A similar raid against the Bulgarian Presidency in July 2020 sparked mass protests. Bulgaria’s Prosecutor’s Office has an unrestrained authority that is used as a weapon against the opponents of the status quo. Continue reading >>
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08 June 2021
Für immer dein Feind?
Debatten über Parteiausschlüsse und andere parteiordnungsrechtliche Maßnahmen nehmen zurzeit einen breiten Raum in der öffentlichen Debatte ein. Der konkrete Umgang mit Ausreißern, wie der WerteUnion oder Boris Palmer, könnte für die jeweiligen Parteien mehr Folgen haben, als ihnen bewusst sein dürfte. Continue reading >>07 June 2021
Fighting Platforms and the People, not the Pandemic
To control social media-driven criticism against its handling of the COVID-19 crisis, the Indian government, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, can now take advantage of new powers via the Information Technology Rules 2021. These Rules empower the Modi government to counter disinformation, whose definition seems to have been stretched to include content that portrays the government negatively. How Big Tech platforms react will have a domino effect on users’ freedom of expression and right to privacy across the world. Continue reading >>
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04 June 2021
Borderline Games with Bosnia
A ‘non-paper’ sent shockwaves throughout Brussels and the Western Balkans this April, proposing to redraw borders along ethnic lines. It follows a common nationalist narrative, and distracts from necessary reform processes in the region to effectively cater citizens’ needs. In the case of BiH, substantial constitutional changes are needed for the country to become a more stable democracy and eventually an EU member state. Continue reading >>
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03 June 2021
From Denmark to Damascus
In recent weeks, Denmark made international headlines with its refusal to extend residence permits for Syrian subsidiary protection holders in Denmark from the Damascus province. Denmark’s emergence as the first state in Europe to end the protection of Syrians on the basis of improved conditions in the wider Damascus area is the result of a self-described ‘paradigm shift’ in Danish refugee policy dating back to 2015. Continue reading >>
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Eine Konferenz zur Zukunft Europas
Zum diesjährigen Europatag am 9. Mai 2021 wurde von dem Präsidenten des Europäischen Parlaments, dem Präsidenten des Europäischen Rates und der Präsidentin der Europäischen Kommission eine Konferenz zur Zukunft Europas eröffnet. Die Konferenz soll europäischen Bürgern die Möglichkeit zur Mitsprache geben, dabei sollten auch Politiker auf nationaler und europäischer Ebene gestalterisch tätig werden. Continue reading >>
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