08 October 2021
Balancing Accountability and Legitimacy
As they have installed themselves as the de facto government of Afghanistan, the Taliban could theoretically be held accountable for potential crimes via inter-state proceedings. In practice however, that would run the risk of increasing the perceived legitimacy of the Taliban as the Afghan government. The announcement of Prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan of the International Criminal Court on September 27 to resume investigations in Afghanistan in the form of criminal prosecution – and thus not as inter-state litigation – therefore deserves support. Continue reading >>
0 
07 October 2021
Contesting Consent
On 29 September 2021, the EU General Court (GC) annulled Council decisions approving trade and fisheries agreements concluded between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco. An earlier post by Eva Kassoti gave an overview of the factual and legal background to the judgments and offered insightful critical analysis. This post will focus on how the GC approaches the issue of how the EU authorities could receive the ‘consent’ from the people of Western Sahara. Continue reading >>
0
International Pandemic Lawmaking: Some Perspectives from Behavioural Economics
In this brief essay, we wish to highlight some insights from behavioural economics that can contribute to a successful process of international pandemic lawmaking. Our interest here is not to engage with individual or collective psychological reactions to pandemics or other large-scale risks, or with substantive policy made in their wake. Several such behavioural issues and dimensions have been dealt with elsewhere, not without (ongoing) spirited debate. Here, however, while building on related frameworks of analysis from the field of behavioral economics, as applied to international law (including nudge theory), our focus is on the process and design of pandemic international law-making. Continue reading >>
0
The Rise and Fall of World Constitutionalism
Constitutionalism and populism, although pursued in different registers, are related forms of authoritarian liberalism, related not just in displaying family resemblances but also in a more causal, diachronic sense; constitutionalism created the conditions for populism to thrive and authoritarian populism in turn generates and provokes an increasingly authoritarian constitutionalist response. Continue reading >>
0
06 October 2021
Towards Institutional Guarantees for Democratic Rotation
In a recent Advisory Opinion the Inter-American Court of Human Rights established that indefinite presidential re-elections constitute a violation of Inter-American human rights standards. In doing so it sets substantive limits to states regarding the design of their political and electoral systems. This is a far reaching and bold move. Continue reading >>
0
The Long Road Home
On 29 September 2021 the General Court (GC) issued two important judgments annulling the Council decisions on the conclusion of the EU-Morocco Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and on the amendment of Protocols 1 and 4 to the EU-Morocco Association Agreement. These judgments are the latest instalment in the continuing Western Sahara saga before the CJEU and they are of seminal importance both in assessing the Court’s approach to international law in its practice, and, more fundamentally, in assessing the EU’s commitment to the strict observance of international law in its relations with the wider world. Continue reading >>
0
05 October 2021
FRAND Terms for Pandemic-essential Intellectual Property Rights
Our international norms are arguably ill adapted to emergencies such as pandemics. In this contribution I discuss a potential remedy for one related challenge, namely a cooperation amongst competitors for the accelerated development of vaccines. A way to foster cooperation could be the use of fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (‘FRAND’) terms to the licensing of pandemic-essential intellectual property rights (IPR). Continue reading >>
0
Brexit, Labour Shortages and Structures of Exploitation
Even though there were warnings that labour shortages would follow Brexit, the UK Government did not put sufficient plans in place between 2016 and 2021, to prevent the current crisis that many predicted. Now, the UK Government is attempting to address the problem in two different ways: first, by introducing temporary visas for migrant workers; second, by employing prisoners and other offenders to cover shortages. However, for migrant workers or prisoners to work in fair conditions, radical change of the legal framework is needed. Continue reading >>
0
04 October 2021
Neutralitätspflichten von Behörden im Wahlkampf
Einige Ministerien sollen im Vorfeld der Bundestagswahl Wählerinnen und Wähler mit zielgruppenspezifisch zugeschnittenen Botschaften auf Facebook angesprochen haben. Ein solches Microtrageting wäre als ein Einsatz amtlicher Ressourcen für den Wahlkampf zu qualifizieren und damit ein eklatanter Verfassungsverstoß. Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zur Neutralitätspflicht von Hoheitsträgern bietet Anhaltspunkte für die verfassungsrechtliche Einordnung dieses Verhaltens. Continue reading >>Indigenous Rights and the “Marco Temporal”
At the end of August 2021, Brazil witnessed the largest indigenous mobilisation in its history. Organised by the Articulation of Indigenous Peoples of Brazil (APIB), more than five thousand indigenous people from 117 different groups set up camp in Brasilia, the capital city of the country. Under the slogan “Fight for Life: our history does not begin in 1988”, indigenous groups from all over the country mobilised the public opinion in protest against the further erosion of their rights. Continue reading >>
0
30 September 2021
Limiting Human Rights during Pandemics
A pandemic instrument should recognize the changed landscape of the international community and enhance roles for and communication between regional and global governmental bodies and especially non-governmental actors. I recommend a new international instrument on pandemic response be explicit about reporting requirements when governments suspend rights during such emergencies. Continue reading >>
0
Die Chilenische Verfassunggebende Versammlung
Die Verfassunggebende Versammlung in Chile hat am 28. und 29. September 2021 die grundsätzlichen Verfahrensregeln ihrer Arbeit verabschiedet. Seit der Wahl ihrer Mitglieder im Mai 2021 ist klargeworden, dass der politische und sozialökonomische Kontext einen erheblichen Einfluss auf ihre Arbeit hat. Gleichzeitig erhebt die Versammlung gewisse Machtansprüche im aktuellen politischen Diskurs. Continue reading >>29 September 2021
The Stubborn Subversiveness of Judaism’s Matrilineal Principle
The recent #patrilineal debate about the matrilineal exclusiveness of being Jewish in Germany that started last July between several writers/opinion makers demonstrates perfectly just how difficult but also dangerous it is to speak of ethnicity, race, religion, gender but also blood particularly in their intersectional form. The following contribution attempts to explicate the central challenge behind the ethnically based matrilineal principle in Judaism. Continue reading >>28 September 2021
Wahlen in Berlin: ein Bericht
Dass in der Hauptstadt eines der wichtigsten, reichsten und entwickeltsten Länder der Erde es nicht möglich erscheint, demokratische Wahlen angemessen zu organisieren, ist nicht nur für die Berlinerinnen und Berliner peinlich, sondern zugleich ein gravierendes Demokratieproblem. Einzige Konsequenz aus politischen, fachlichen und moralischen Gründen kann nur der Rücktritt der Landeswahlleiterin und ihrer Stellvertreterin sein. Es ist bezeichnend für die politische Kultur Berlins, dass das in der Öffentlichkeit kaum gefordert wird. Continue reading >>Killing Locally or Killing Globally
The pandemic status is also a political exercise and a way to phrase a crisis according to political interests. As long as some diseases do not reach a pandemic level, they would not elicit the immediate financial help and international cooperation, which has at least been promised (if not delivered) during COVID. Continue reading >>
0
Facebook suspends accounts of German Covid-19-deniers
On 16 September 2021, Facebook suspended more than 150 “Pages and Groups operated by individuals associated with the Querdenken movement in Germany” because of “coordinated social harm”. These accounts were, undoubtedly, spreading misinformation about the Covid-19-pandemic, denying the existence of the virus and encouraging other users to resist the government. However, this type of removal has no legal basis other than Facebook’s Community Standards. Hence, this constitutes a great example of how we (still) apply double standards in content moderation and that, from a legal perspective, we need to think beyond traditional categories and expand the horizontal effect doctrine, but not solely to the advantage of the users affected by the removal. Continue reading >>
0
27 September 2021
Eine kompromittierte Wahl
In Berlin haben bei der Bundestagswahl zahlreiche Wahllokale zwischendurch einfach zugemacht, weil ihnen die Stimmzettel ausgegangen waren. Damit wurde mit einiger Sicherheit einer erheblichen Zahl von Berliner_innen die Ausübung ihres elementarsten demokratischen Teilhaberechts verwehrt. Das kompromittiert diese Wahl in einer Weise, die korrigiert werden muss. Continue reading >>24 September 2021
Autofrei per Gesetz
Die Initiative „Volksentscheid Berlin autofrei“ will Berlin innerhalb des S-Bahn-Rings weitgehend vom privaten Autoverkehr befreien und so die größte autoreduzierte Zone der Welt schaffen. Kürzlich hat die Initiative dem Berliner Senat die notwendigen 20.000 Unterschriften vorgelegt und damit die erste Hürde auf dem Weg zum Volksentscheid erfolgreich genommen. Continue reading >>23 September 2021
Human Rights and Global Responses to the Pandemic in the Age of Hyper-globalization
Setting out new norms and arrangements for the provision of global public goods for pandemic preparedness and response should be a centrepiece of a new legal instrument that is capable of challenging market power, and builds on human rights principles in synch with the age of hyper-globalization. Continue reading >>
0
22 September 2021
Ein Verfassungsfossil erwacht
Am 26. September werden die Berliner WählerInnen mit der Durchführung eines Volksentscheids zur Vergesellschaftung von Wohnimmobilien verfassungsrechtliches Neuland betreten. Der kommende Volksentscheid ermöglicht in erster Linie eines: Die Kontestation der Verteilungsmechanismen privaten Grundbesitzes durch eine demokratische Mehrheit. Continue reading >>Webinar: Beyond the State – Global Health Governance
Amid contention that global governance was unprepared and incapacitated in its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, this November, a special session of the World Health Assembly will convene to discuss a potential international instrument on pandemic preparedness and response. Marking the launch of the 'International Pandemic Lawmaking: Conceptual and Practical Issues' Symposium, this webinar will bring together leading scholars to critically discuss cross-cutting themes of the Symposium, and key points of contention and recommendation for the future of global pandemic governance. Continue reading >>
0
21 September 2021
Sounding the Death Knell for EU Social Dialogue?
On 2 September 2021, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has confirmed in its EPSU judgment the European Commission’s power to obstruct social bargaining in the European Union. The judgment, which confirms on appeal a doubtful interpretation of the EU Treaties initially developed by the General Court, constitutes a grim turning point for EU labour law in that it reduces the autonomy of the social partners to an empty shell. Continue reading >>
0
Governance Needs for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (PPR)
The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterized by mistrust in science, the manipulation of science for political purposes, the “infodemic” of mis- and disinformation, and a repeated failure to base policy decisions on scientific findings. The crisis of confidence in scientific analysis is paradoxical and disquieting, particularly in light of increasing international regulation to manage acute or systemic risks and its reliance on science. Continue reading >>
0
20 September 2021
Machtlos an der Regierung
Für die parlamentarische Entwicklung der österreichischen Grünen waren zwei Kernthemen ausschlaggebend: Klimaschutz und Menschenrechte für alle. Seit sie in einer Koalition mit der neuen ÖVP von Sebastian Kurz mitregieren, vermissen politische Beobachter*innen und Teile der grünen Basis das Engagement für eine menschenrechtskonforme Fluchtpolitik. Die mit-regierenden Grünen haben ihre einst profilierte Menschenrechtspolitik aufgegeben – wenn auch aus Koalitionsräson. Diese Macht- und Einflusslosigkeit der Grünen hat aber nicht nur realpolitische Gründe, sondern auch institutionelle bzw. rechtliche. Sie ist das Ergebnis des faktischen Verfassungsumbaus, der in der Ära Kurz in Österreich stattgefunden hat. Continue reading >>
0
Heidelberger Salon digital: “Welt(un)ordnung und Internationales Recht”
Eine Diskussion zwischen Carlo Masala, Christian Marxsen, Carolyn Moser und Anne Peters. Continue reading >>
0
18 September 2021
Rubinhochzeit zwischen Rechtsstaat und Sanktionensystem
Frankreich feiert dieser Tage die 40-jährige Abschaffung der Todesstrafe. Am 18. September 1981 wurde die loi n°310 portant abolition de la peine de mort mit 363 Parlamentarier-Stimmen gegen 117 angenommen. Am 9. Oktober 1981 trat das Gesetz in Kraft – seit 2007 hat die Abschaffung der Todesstrafe Verfassungsrang. Man könnte der Auffassung sein, dass es zur Feier einer französischen Rubinhochzeit zwischen Rechtsstaat und Sanktionensystem zumindest für den deutschen Diskurs keinen allzu großen Anlass gibt. Die Todesstrafe ist tabu – oder? Continue reading >>Politisierte Strafverfolgung?
Staatliche Dienstgebäude werden zwar nicht häufig durchsucht. Gelegentlich kommt dies aber durchaus vor, zumal wenn es um Amtsdelikte oder sonstige Straftaten im Dienst geht. Der vorliegende Fall hat nur deshalb hohe Wellen geschlagen, weil die Durchsuchungen das BMF betrafen, das vom „Kanzlerkandidaten“ der SPD als Bundesfinanzminister geleitet wird, und der Zeitpunkt der Durchsuchung manchen auffällig nah am Termin der anstehenden Bundestagswahl zu liegen schien. Joachim Wieland hat hier die Auffassung vertreten, dass es sich um eine unverhältnismäßige, mithin rechtswidrige Maßnahme gehandelt habe. Die angeführten Argumente überzeugen mich nicht. Continue reading >>17 September 2021
“Not What We Were Promised”
Review Essay
The four volumes subject to this review essay address the liberal-constitutional question of our times.They seek to play the long game, by addressing causes and phenomena. Together, they offer a balanced assortment of positions: two (Frankenberg and Holmes-Krastev) are primarily written as defences of the fraying liberal consensus against the recent populist onslaught, whereas the second group (Parau and Wilkinson) question what the authors believe to be liberal internationalism gone awry.
How Much Money is a Lot of Money?
On 7 September 2021, the European Commission announced that it will ask the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to impose financial penalties on Poland for not complying with the Court’s order for interim measures of 14 July 2021 regarding its Disciplinary Chamber. The Commission must be able to threat the member state in question not only credibly, but also with amounts that are high enough to deter them from continuing on their rule-of-law-breaching-path. Continue reading >>The Jokes Have Ended
In recent weeks, the European Commission (‘EC’) has clearly shown that it has lost its patience with unruly Poland. The Polish government is obviously playing for time, deceiving and cheating Brussels about the implementation of the decisions of the European courts, only to obtain the European Commission’s acceptance of the Reconstruction Plan but also to prevent a motion being filed with the CJEU to impose financial sanctions for failing to implement the measures. Continue reading >>16 September 2021
Durchsuchungen von Bundesministerien, eine Pressemitteilung und der Bundestagswahlkampf
Kurz vor der Bundestagswahl haben Beamte der Zentralen Kriminalinspektion Osnabrück und der Staatsanwaltschaft Osnabrück die Amtsräume des Bundesministeriums der Finanzen und des Bundesministeriums der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz durchsucht. Der Vorgang ist nicht nur politisch, sondern auch rechtlich brisant. Denn für das scharfe Schwert einer Durchsuchung ist kein Anlass ersichtlich. Sie war nicht erforderlich und deshalb rechtswidrig. Continue reading >>15 September 2021
Court without a Head
On 16 October 2021, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine will celebrate its 25th anniversary. The Court’s anniversary falls in the middle of a constitutional crisis of unprecedented scale and with no clear prospects of solution. Continue reading >>
0
14 September 2021
Legalizing Disinformation
On 6 September 2021, Brazil’s president Jair Bolsonaro enacted a provisional measure (an executive order with immediate legal force and a deadline of 120 days for Congress ratification) which replaced several norms of the so called “Brazilian Internet Bill of Rights”. Bypassing the legislative, Bolsonaro avoided the political debate concerning social media regulation to continue his deeply problematic use of these tools. The provisional measure is unconstitutional for formal and material reasons. Continue reading >>
0
The People v Their Representatives
On July 7, 2021, the Slovak Constitutional Court found a referendum initiative on a snap election unconstitutional. The case presented the Court with an unresolved question, whether the people can remove their elected representatives from office ahead of time. The Court’s answer was a qualified no. When people resort to direct democracy tools, the Court found, they are not only bound by explicit subject-matter restrictions on the use of referenda but also implicit norms under the doctrine of the material core. The people have a great power to make or unmake constitutional law but cannot breach it in an irregular use of a referendum. Continue reading >>
0
Dürfen Briefwähler von Umfrageinstituten berücksichtigt werden?
Das Umfrageinstitut "Forsa" ist gegen den Bundeswahlleiter vor Gericht gezogen. Kern des Streits ist die Frage, ob Menschen, die ihre Stimme bereits per Briefwahl abgegeben haben, in Umfragen berücksichtigt werden dürfen. Tatsächlich lässt sich die von den Umfrageinstituten gelebte Veröffentlichungspraxis nicht mit der ratio legis des § 32 Abs. 2 BWG und letztlich dem fundamentalen Wert freier Wahlen in Einklang bringen. Continue reading >>13 September 2021
Alles von der Meinungsfreiheit gedeckt?!
In der vergangenen Woche sorgte eine Entscheidung der Staatsanwaltschaft Zwickau für öffentliche Empörung. Es ging um Wahlplakate einer rechtsextremistischen Kleinstpartei, auf denen „HÄNGT DIE GRÜNEN!“ abgedruckt war. Der Fall ist paradigmatisch für zentrale Defizite bei der strafrechtlichen Bekämpfung von Hasskriminalität. Continue reading >>11 September 2021
The Narrowing of Electoral Access
The broad reforms in the UK Elections Bill 2021 present as self-serving entrenchment by Conservatives. Two measures in particular support this assessment. A voter ID requirement would raise hurdles that could reduce turnout among vulnerable or marginalized groups; and the Electoral Commission would be placed under greater oversight of the partisan Speaker’s Committee, hamstringing the Commission as a neutral monitor of elections. Other provisions lack such a clearly oppressive or self-serving character, but could raise similar concerns if abused in implementation. Continue reading >>
0
10 September 2021
Gibt Bayern der Natur Rechte?
„Gib der Natur Rechte!“, fordert ein Volksbegehren in Bayern, das natürliche Eigenrechte in die bayerische Landesverfassung aufnehmen möchte. Bayern wäre mit solchen Rechten nicht allein, denn in den letzten Jahren haben zahlreiche Rechtsordnungen Rechte der Natur anerkannt. Für die dringenden ökologischen Fragestellungen unserer Zeit können sich Rechte der Natur als eine wertvolle Chance erweisen. Continue reading >>09 September 2021
Fatal Non-Evolution
Like all constitutions, the Afghan Constitution was imperfect. As is so often the case, its imperfections were necessary short-term fixes to settle immediate problems at the time of the constitutional founding. I will discuss two critically important features of the Constitution—ones that in 2004 were essential to ensure the short-term survival of the Afghan state, but which the framers themselves recognized would need to be modified in the medium to long-term. Over time, these once necessary but ultimately problematic elements in the Constitution remained uncorrected, impeded government performance and destroyed the popular legitimacy of the government. Continue reading >>
0
07 September 2021
Fake-Strafrecht in Wahlkampfzeiten
Genügen die Aufklärung durch Staat und Medien, um den Gefahren zu begegnen, die gerade in Wahlkampfzeiten von Falschinformationen ausgehen? Der Umgang mit Fakes ist in der digitalisierten Gesellschaft eine große Herausforderung. Das Strafrecht erscheint jedoch kaum als geeignetes Instrument, um einer Beeinflussung des Wählerwillens entgegenzuwirken. Der Gesetzgeber sollte vor allem keine Fake-Strafgesetze schaffen, die vorspiegeln, etwas zur Bekämpfung reeller Probleme beizutragen, obwohl sie dies nicht leisten können. Continue reading >>Platform research access in Article 31 of the Digital Services Act
Over the past year, dominant platforms such as Facebook have repeatedly interfered with independent research projects, prompting calls for reform. Platforms are shaping up as gatekeepers not only of online content and commerce, but of research into these phenomena. As self-regulation flounders, researchers are hopeful for Article 31 of the proposed Digital Services Act, on “Data Access and Scrutiny” - a highly ambitious tool to compel access to certain data, but researchers also need a shield to protect them against interference with their independent projects. Continue reading >>
0
World Lawyers’ Pledge on Climate Action
The world is facing climate emergency, one of a series of overlapping and mutually reinforcing environmental crises. In 2017, more than 15,000 scientists from 184 countries signed the World Scientists’ Warning to Humanity, urging the world to take immediate action against the current trajectory of catastrophic climate change. We, as concerned lawyers, have heard the world scientists’ call, and believe it is time for the legal community at large to organize and join the global fight against climate change. Continue reading >>
0
06 September 2021
Die List(e) mit den „kleinen sicheren Herkunftsstaaten“
Die Idee mit der List(e) „kleiner sicherer Herkunftsstaaten“ mag sympathisch klingen. Tatsächlich verbirgt sich dahinter eine verfassungswidrige Umgehung des Zustimmungserfordernisses des Bundesrats zur Erweiterung der Liste sog. sicherer Herkunftsstaaten unter dem Deckmantel des Unionsrechts. Continue reading >>
0
05 September 2021
Human Ads Beyond Targeted Advertising
If the bridling of harmful targeted advertising is a core objective of the DSA, the exclusion of influencer marketing is a grave oversight. Amendments introduced by the Internal Market and Consumer Protection Committee in the European Parliament may remedy this omission. If "human ads" were omitted, Big Tech platforms’ sophisticated data-related business models will continue to escape encompassing regulation and hence, their power will remain unchecked. Continue reading >>
0
03 September 2021
Wie sich das Parlament in der Pandemie mal wieder selbst aus dem Spiel nimmt
Kurz vor der Bundestagswahl am 26. September 2021 diskutiert der Deutsche Bundestag eine weitere Änderung des Infektionsschutzgesetzes. Bemerkenswert ist nicht nur der Inhalt der vorgeschlagenen Änderung, sondern vor allem der bisherige Verfahrensverlauf im Deutschen Bundestag: Er zeigt exemplarisch, mit welcher Priorität die Koalitionsfraktionen die legislative Steuerung der Epidemiebekämpfung als Aufgabe des Bundestags behandeln – nämlich mit überhaupt keiner. Damit nimmt sich das Parlament in der Pandemiebekämpfung selbst aus dem Spiel, wie die folgende Chronologie zeigt. Continue reading >>Enforcement of the DSA and the DMA
In trying to overcome the cross-border enforcement’s pitfalls of the GDPR, the Commission’s proposals for a Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act are largely expanding the Commission’s enforcement powers. Unfortunately, what is touted as a solution for cross-border enforcement issues, might lead to new difficulties and challenges due to the risks of the centralization of power with the Commission. Continue reading >>
0
Has the U.S. Supreme Court Effectively Overruled Roe v. Wade?
Late in the evening of September 1 the U.S. Supreme Court issued an order that many critics have described as effectively overruling Roe v. Wade, the 1973 decision holding that the U.S. Constitution protected a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion. That description, though technically inaccurate, does capture something important about the Court’s order: It made abortions unavailable as a practical matter for many women in Texas who would have had access to abortion services had the Court issued a different order. Continue reading >>Private Enforcement for the DSA/DGA/DMA Package
The package consisting of the Digital Markets Act, the Digital Services Act, and the Data Governance Act is about empowering authorities vis-à-vis powerful private market players. Private enforcement is absent in this package, despite its great potential: By engaging in rule enforcement, individuals and companies help to confine key market players’ (unlawful use of) economic power, while also counterbalancing a tendency for state agencies to become the sole decision makers on when and how to sanction what they consider undue conduct. Continue reading >>
0
02 September 2021