08 May 2023
World War 2 Memories in Lithuania and Ukraine
On May 8, 2023, Lithuania and Ukraine, along with other European countries, meet the annual anniversaries of the end of World War 2 in Europe in 1945. Meanwhile, Russia holds a national holiday tomorrow on May 9 to commemorate the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany, which is the most important holiday in Russia and became a cult practice for uniting Russians after 2000. The anniversary finds Ukraine in the midst of fighting off present-day Russian aggression. Lithuania finds itself worrying about its defense, dealing with memory incidents and among the biggest supporters of Ukraine. Russia, however, finds itself more isolated than ever and scaling back the celebration: According to Moscow because of expected ‘drone strikes’, but more likely due to ‘fear of popular protests.’ This blog entry takes stock of legal measures by two nations to countervail Russia’s decades-long mnemo-political aggressiveness. Continue reading >>
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Accountability in Brazil
The end of Jair Bolsonaro’s presidency is far from marking a return to normality in Brazil. After the riots of 8 January, which aimed to create the conditions for a coup in Brazil, authorities and institutions had to deal with several turbulences and the issue of Bolsonaro's responsibilization has been a permanent concern. To evaluate the efficacy of these responses, it is important to discuss how these institutions have been dealing with Jair Bolsonaro’s legacy. Moreover, it is equally important to understand the challenges President Lula is facing, which are partly due to the difficulty to reach political compromises. The recent police raids that seized documents and devices in Bolsonaro’s house, and arrested some of his direct aids, adds complexity to the situation, as we will attempt to explain. Continue reading >>
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05 May 2023
The UK vs the ECtHR
In recent months, the UK government has tabled two Bills - the Bill of Rights Bill and the Illegal Migration Bill - before Parliament which would have the consequence - and almost certainly have the intention - of setting the UK on a collision course with the Council of Europe, and especially the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This post details how these Bills serve to undermine the UK’s obligations under the ECHR and explains their significance within the larger debate surrounding the UK’s possible withdrawal from the Convention. It places this debate in the context of the rarely-convened Council of Europe summit of heads of state and government in Reykjavik in May 2023, whose ambitious agenda is to protect the ‘common heritage’ of respect for human rights, democracy and the rule of law in the face of Russia’s aggression in Ukraine and other existential threats. Continue reading >>
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04 May 2023
JA, sie ist rechtsextrem
Seit 2019 wurde die „Junge Alternative“ als Verdachtsfall geführt. Nun hat das Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz (BfV) neben dem „Institut für Staatspolitik“ und dem Verein „Ein Prozent“ auch die Jugendorganisation der AfD als gesichert rechtsextremistisch eingestuft. Die Einstufung hat unmittelbare Konsequenzen für die „Junge Alternative“ und mittelbare Auswirkungen auf die AfD. Einen erheblichen Schaden wird die Partei aber nicht davontragen. Continue reading >>Die stille Transformation
Während sich die Republik über angebliche Heizungs- und Verbrenner-Verbote zerfleischt, fielen in Brüssel Entscheidungen: Am 25. April 2023 hat nach der finalen Abstimmung im Europäischen Parlament auch der Rat einer umfassenden Änderung der Emissionshandelsrichtlinie 2003/87/EG (EHRL) zugestimmt und Reichweite wie Ambitionsniveau des Emissionshandels noch einmal deutlich gestärkt. Die Erweiterungen des Instruments bei gleichzeitiger drastischer Verknappung der verfügbaren Emissionen werden sehr schnell tiefgreifende Verhaltensänderungen nicht nur von Unternehmen, sondern auch von Verbrauchern auslösen. Allein die jährlichen Verknappungen um mehr als 5% bei Gebäude und Verkehr führen sehr schnell zu einer Angebotsverknappung, die in drastisch steigende Preise münden muss. Continue reading >>03 May 2023
Mehrfach befristet, doppelt rechtswidrig
Die Ampelkoalition hat vereinbart, das Hochschulbefristungsrecht auf den Prüfstand zu stellen. Das Ziel: Planbarkeit und Verlässlichkeit wissenschaftlicher Karrierewege verbessern und frühzeitige Perspektiven für alternative Karrieren schaffen. Nachdem ein erster Vorschlag nach zahlreichen Protesten zurück genommen wurde, droht nun die Gefahr, dass das Reformvorhaben endgültig scheitert - und der Status quo erhalten bleibt. Das ist jedoch keine Option. Denn der status quo ist hinsichtlich der Befristung von PostDocs nicht nur europarechtswidrig, sondern wegen Verletzung der Arbeitsvertragsfreiheit auch verfassungswidrig. Continue reading >>Landesrecht bricht Bundesrecht
Der von der CDU/CSU-Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag beantragte Cum-Ex-Untersuchungsausschuss soll das Handeln von Bundeskanzler Scholz als Erster Bürgermeister der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg bei der Anwendung von Bundesrecht prüfen. Das wirft zwei grundsätzliche Fragen auf: Ist eine Landesregierung für ihr Handeln bei der Anwendung von Bundesrecht dem Bundestag verantwortlich? Darf der Bundestag das Handeln einer Landesregierung kontrollieren? Beide Fragen sind im Bundesstaat des Grundgesetzes mit Nein zu beantworten. Continue reading >>On the Path of Destruction
Sudan has yet gain slipped into a civil war, costing hundreds of lives and forcing tens of thousands of people to flee the country. Fighting the war are two generals - Abdel Fattah Burhan of the Sudan's Armed Forces and Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo of the Rapid Support Forces. This piece explains the background of this extraordinarily complex conflict and discusses its potential implications for the region and beyond. Bringing both military leaders to a negotiating table must now be the highest priority. Continue reading >>
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02 May 2023
Warum Haftstrafen für „Klima-Kleber“ die falsche Antwort sind
Vergangene Woche hat das Amtsgericht Tiergarten die 24-jährige Aktivistin Maja zu einer viermonatigen Freiheitsstrafe verurteilt, ohne diese zur Bewährung auszusetzen. Der Aktivistin wurde vorgeworfen, sich im August 2022 an einem Gemälde festgeklebt zu haben. Bereits Anfang März 2023 wurden zwei Aktivisten vom Amtsgericht Heilbronn zu kurzen Freiheitsstrafen verurteilt. Mit der Verurteilung zu kurzen Freiheitsstrafen gehen die beiden Amtsgerichte nicht nur zum Äußersten, was das Strafrecht an Sanktionsform hergibt, um Aktivisten von der Straße zu holen. Die Tendenz härterer Sanktionierung klimaaktivistischer Straftaten durch Verhängung kurzer Freiheitsstrafen ohne Bewährung verkennt auch die die Konfliktstruktur der Klima-Proteste. Continue reading >>01 May 2023
Gewaltenteilung vor Klimaschutz
Nach ihrem Pyrrhussieg in Sachen Rentenreform wurde der französischen Regierung Ende letzter Woche vom Verfassungsrat erneut der Rücken gestärkt. Anlass war ein Gesetzesentwurf zur Aufstockung des Militärbudgets als französische Reaktion auf den russischen Angriffskrieg. Verfassungsrechtlich ging es dabei um die Frage, wie intensiv Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen gerichtlich zu kontrollieren sind. Ein Blick nach Paris lohnt sich auch vor dem Hintergrund des deutschen Bestrebens, einen „Klimacheck“ für Gesetze einzuführen, welcher vor ähnlichen verfassungsrechtlichen Schwierigkeiten stehen dürfte. Continue reading >>27 April 2023
Judicial Backlash Against the Rights of Nature in Ecuador
In 2008, Ecuador surprised the world by recognizing nature’s own rights in its constitution. The surprise was even bigger when Ecuador unlike other countries began to actually apply and enforce the Rights of Nature, particularly through constitutional jurisprudence since 2019. We show that the strong constitutional precedents, while casting much appreciated light on some legal uncertainties about the novel set of rights, are also met with defiance. Backlashing tendencies are not restricted to the private sector and the government, but are articulated within the judiciary itself Continue reading >>
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The Ukrainian Grain Imports Saga
Poland and Hungary, later joined by Bulgaria, Slovakia and Romania, decided to unilaterally halt the imports of grain and other food products from Ukraine to protect their domestic farmers. The European Commission quickly announced that “trade policy is of EU exclusive competence and, therefore, unilateral actions are not acceptable”. At the same, however, the Commission’s spokesperson also considered that it was “too early” to comment on the legal implications of the Member States’ actions. Instead, the Commission adopted a pragmatic approach. It quickly announced a new support package for EU farmers affected by the increased supply of Ukrainian agricultural products and proposed additional measures to ensure the transit of Ukrainian grain exports to destinations outside of the Union. Significantly, it also added that this package “is subject to Member States lifting their unilateral measures”. This creates a very cynical situation, in the sense that an infringement of EU law may be instrumental to reach a better deal. Continue reading >>
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26 April 2023
A Conservative Constitutional Council Watching over a Conservative Constitution
On 14 April 2023, the French Constitutional Council handed down its decisions on the constitutionality of the controversial pension reform and on the referendum that was supposed to stop it. In substance, the decisions were met with little surprise. What is noteworthy about them, however, is something else: Both decisions are excellent indicators of the profoundly conservative nature of the French Constitution and of the judges watching over its observance. Continue reading >>
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Environmental Intelligence and the Need to Collect it
Current studies by biologists attest that Earth’s overall biodiversity is “crashing”. The most recent IPCC findings are no less dire. Multilateral deals aimed at preserving the environment are coming and going without having anything close to adequate results on the ground. States worldwide are currently missing not just a quickly receding opportunity to change things for the better, but also the rapidly growing and truly unprecedented threat which broad-scale anthropogenic ecological decline represents. But we are pragmatically and ethically obliged not to give up on the prospect of renovating and revitalizing the state so that it might become, over time, a more beneficial and truly survival-interested form of itself. One part of the inner power structure of almost all countries globally which recommends itself for a new role in this context is the national intelligence agency. Continue reading >>
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Flexible Responsibility or the End of Asylum Law as We Know It?
On March 21 2023, the Council released a revised draft proposal for an Asylum and Migration Management Regulation (AMMR). It reintroduces the concept of ‘flexible responsibility’ — or ‘adaptable responsibility’ — into the EU’s migration management. Already included in the controversial Instrumentalisation Regulation of 14 December 2021, flexible responsibility is the idea that Member States should be allowed to derogate from normally applicable asylum standards when faced with sudden migratory pressures. While the Instrumentalisation Regulation was rejected in December 2022, this post will detail how the new AMMR draft threatens to reintroduce the idea of flexible/adaptable derogations — including, potentially, those originally foreseen in the Instrumentalisation Regulation — into the EU’s asylum framework and why we should reject it. Continue reading >>
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Cannabis-Legalisierung light in Deutschland
Kurz nach Ostern 2023 hat der Bundesgesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach die Pläne zur Cannabis-Legalisierung der Regierungskoalition vorgestellt. Von der im Koalitionsvertrag vereinbarten Total-Legalisierung ist nicht viel übriggeblieben. Waren die Legalisierungsdebatte und die entsprechenden Konzepte bis dahin durch eine bemerkenswerte Ignoranz gegenüber der EU und ihren Vorgaben geprägt, wurden die neuen Pläne einem europarechtlichen Realitätscheck unterzogen. Das ist gut so. Trotzdem ist Lauterbachs Konzept weiterhin extrem ambitioniert und unionsrechtlich auf Kante genäht. Continue reading >>If the EU Picks Baby Genes
Which genes should children not inherit? This is a fundamental question. It arises acutely in medically assisted reproduction, such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or artificial insemination. One must frequently choose between different donors, sperm, eggs or embryos. The EU wishes to draw this line. However, Its proposed Substances of Human Origin Regulation (‘SoHO’) treads into delicate ethical and political territory, without properly addressing, or even mentioning, crucial ethical questions. This leads the EU to silently take three controversial positions: the proposal excludes most ethical considerations; it draws the line vaguely and below existing ethical standards; and it makes genetic selection mandatory in genetically assisted reproduction. Continue reading >>
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25 April 2023
Education as Indoctrination: Mnemonic Constitutionalism and History Teaching in Russia
In January 2023, Russia adopted new amendments to the Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" which will become effective by September 1st, 2023. The amendments establish mandatory, federal curricula for the following school subjects: "Russian language", "Literary reading", "The world around", "Russian language", "Literature", "History", "Social science", "Geography" and "Basics of life safety". The content of the curricula was developed and pre-approved by the Ministry of Education in November 2022, and aims to establish a single, uniform standard of teaching for these subjects. The amendments are emblematic of Russia’s increasingly aggressive pursuit of mnemonic constitutionalism. This article will detail how its legislative governance of memory in the context of history teaching violates the right to education enshrined in international human rights law. Continue reading >>
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Notkredite immer und überall?
Spätestens seit der Corona-Krise und den damit verbundenen Haushaltspaketen von Bazooka bis Booster scheinen großangelegte Investitionsprogramme zum (haushalts-)politischen Alltag zu gehören. Zur Bewältigung kostspieliger Aufgaben entdeckten zunächst der Bund und nunmehr die Länder neue Instrumente für sich, um sich trotz der bestehenden Schuldenbremse Zugang zu Krediten zu verschaffen. Letzte Woche ist auf diesem Blog ein Beitrag von Joachim Wieland erschienen, der die Ansicht vertritt, die Klimakrise sei eine derartige Ausnahmesituation. Auch wenn diese Auffassung vom Ergebnis her wünschenswert erscheint, ist die finanzverfassungsrechtliche Legitimität entsprechender Notkredite auf Landesebene zumindest zweifelhaft. Continue reading >>
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Investing Immobilized Russian Assets, Monetarizing the Common Foreign and Security Policy
Again, the Commission and EU Member States are talking about new sanctions against Russia. The focus, according to Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, should be on tackling sanctions circumvention and loopholes. In a scoop, however, it was also uncovered that the Commission has drawn up a non-paper “on the generation of resources to support Ukraine from immobilized Russian assets”. The idea behind this non-paper is to invest the immobilized assets of the Russian Central Bank in EU Member States’ bonds and bills and use the proceeds to support the reconstruction of Ukraine. The plan, as the non-paper indicates, is fraught with a number of legal and technical issues. These do not only relate to the question of whether or not such an investment of immobilized assets is compatible with international law and EU law, but also to the question of who should undertake and oversee these investments. Continue reading >>
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21 April 2023
Klimakrise und Schuldenbremse
Klimaschutz kostet Geld, viel Geld. Klimaneutralität ist ein großangelegtes Investitionsprogramm. Das können viele Länder und Kommunen aus ihren laufenden Einnahmen nicht finanzieren. Die Aufnahme von Krediten ist ihnen zwar durch die Schuldenbremse in Art. 109 Abs. 3 GG grundsätzlich verboten. Die Grundrechte und Art. 20a GG verpflichten sie aber zu sofortigem Handeln. Continue reading >>20 April 2023
Anti-Antisemitismus qua Verfassung
Mehrere Bundesländer haben kürzlich sog. Antisemitismus-Klauseln in ihre Verfassungen aufgenommen, so jüngst die Hansestadt Hamburg (kritisch hier; allgemein hier). In der Rechtswissenschaft und auch in der breiteren öffentlichen Diskussion wurden entsprechende Verfassungsänderungen im Gegensatz zu den Vorgängen auf der documenta fifteen oder dem BGH-Urteil zum Wittenberger Sandsteinrelief nur begrenzt rezipiert. Dem folgenden Beitrag liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass das Anliegen effektiver (rechts-)staatlicher Antisemitismusbekämpfung den geltenden deutschen Verfassungen immanent ist. Seine durchaus begrüßenswerte explizite Verankerung in Landesverfassungen wirft aber einige rechtliche Fragen auf, die nicht ohne Weiteres als geklärt gelten können. Continue reading >>Intersectionality in Climate Litigation
The ECtHR held a hearing in the case KlimaSeniorinnen v Switzerland. It is one of the first gender-based climate cases worldwide. The case offers novel perspectives on a range of issues. Crucially, it highlights new potential avenues for standing in human rights cases and pinpoints how age, health, gender, and climate change intersect. Continue reading >>Context Is Open to Interpretation, Too
Taiwan is no longer ‘The Orphan of Asia’ as depicted in a 1983 mandarin Chinese pop song that gave expression to the Taiwanese’ feelings of betrayal and abandonment, after the US ‘recognize[d] the Government of the People’s Republic of China [PRC] as the sole legal Government of China’ in 1979 and withdrew its troops from the island. Today Taiwan is one of the most discussed geopolitical hotspots. In this contribution, I aim to take the discussion of Taiwan’s legal status forward in response to Wu and Lin’s outright rejection of the Resolution’s bearing on the Taiwan question, by drawing attention to the complexity of the context in which the Resolution was adopted. Continue reading >>
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19 April 2023
Wann ist das Wahlrecht klar genug?
Am gestrigen Dienstag verhandelte der Zweite Senat des BVerfG über die „kleine“ Wahlrechtsreform von 2020. Die mündliche Verhandlung wirft große Schatten voraus, weil mit einer grundlegenden Aussage zur Normenklarheit im Wahlrecht zu rechnen ist: Was muss der Wähler vom Wahlrecht verstehen? Allein das Grundgerüst der Wahl oder detaillierte Kenntnisse, wie genau ein Mandat entsteht und verrechnet wird? Gleicht das Wahlrecht bald nur noch einer mathematischen Formelsammlung? Das Urteil darf mit Spannung erwartet werden. Continue reading >>Achmea Goes to Washington
Recently, a US District Court trashed a Dutch company's arbitral award against Spain. Why? Because investor-state arbitration within the EU violates European law. Yet, many tribunals keep issuing arbitral awards - especially under the infamous Energy Charta Treaty. Challenging those awards in domestic courts outside the EU, like here in Washington D.C., might work as corrective to the continuing illegal assumption of jurisdiction and blatant disregard for the EU Treaties by arbitral tribunals. Continue reading >>
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Closure and Continuity
Trade, sovereignty, rights and freedoms, courts, and constitutional change are lenses through which we can examine how two politically, culturally, and linguistically inextricably linked common law countries have defined their diverging relationship with the EU. 50 years on the divergence is complete. The UK is now a third country, charting a future outside the EU, while Ireland remains one of 27 Member States reporting high levels of trust and support for the EU. Hence 50 years on we have both the desire for closure (for the UK) and continuity (for Ireland). In fact, we argue that closure and continuity are necessary for the relations between both states and their relationship with the EU now and in the next half century. Continue reading >>
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18 April 2023
New Digital Gates for Fortress Europe?
On March 29th, the Permanent Representatives Committee approved the EU Council's negotiating mandate for a Regulatory proposal to digitalize the Visa procedure. Proponents argue that this move will improve security and reduce administrative costs for both EU Member States and interested travellers. However, I argue that the Draft Regulation raises many concerns about the effective protection of the fundamental rights of Schengen visa applicants. If adopted, it threatens to perpetuate the subordination of fundamental rights to security and efficiency concerns that characterizes the increasing digitalization and datafication of EU migration management operations. Continue reading >>
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Whispers of Change (Vol. II)
Mexico’s prolonged refusal to eliminate mandatory preventive detention from its legal system has slowly but steadily contributed to the rising tension between the Mexican Supreme Court, the Mexican State, and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. Following both Courts’ recent decisions on the case of García Rodríguez y Alpízar Ortíz v. México (both have recently decided cases concerning virtually the same set of facts with notoriously varying outcomes), the discussion heats as it now relates to one of the most relevant inquiries of modern constitutional study: judicial review of constitutional provisions and amendments. Continue reading >>
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17 April 2023
Die Renten- als Demokratiedebatte
Am Freitag hat der französische Verfassungsrat die Rentennovelle der Borne-Regierung im Wesentlichen nach präventiver Normenkontrolle bestätigt und die Initiative der linken Opposition zu einem Referendum („RIP“) über das Rentenalter verworfen. Die Entscheidungen sind juristisch so erwart- wie politisch kritisierbar und werfen mehrere grundsätzliche Fragen auf, die die Zukunft der französischen konstitutionellen Demokratie betreffen. Continue reading >>14 April 2023
Attention Is All You Need
Das Verbot ChatGPTs durch die italienische Datenschutzbehörde bietet Gelegenheit einen Klassiker neu aufzulegen: Eine bahnbrechende, Technologie aus dem Silicon Valley zerschellt am harten Beton des Brüsseler Datenschutzregimes. Während einige technikkritische Stimmen laut applaudieren, prügeln andere auf das vermeintlich innovationsfeindliche Datenschutzrecht ein. Doch gibt ChatGPT tatsächlich Anlass für derart fundamentale datenschutzrechtliche Bedenken im Hinblick auf generative KIs? Continue reading >>Taiwan and the Myth of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758
At the United Nations (UN) press briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General on 27 March 2023, critical and long-overdue questions resurfaced. With the Secretary General portrayed as a champion for democratic values, why has the UN shut the door on Taiwan, the most democratic country in Asia? Why are citizens of Taiwan not even allowed to enter the premises of the United Nations? Questions as such touch upon the scope and application of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, and the implications of China’s persistent strategy to inflate and distort it. Continue reading >>(No) News from East Africa
Whilst the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill is unconstitutional and should not be recognized by the national courts, the initiation of such a bill already catalyses tremendous consequences for the community. Further, considering the historical context of this Bill and realising the political expediency that drives the promotion bills like this this will certainly not be the end of developments in Uganda (and beyond). This is why it is critical that human rights defenders across the continent anticipate these setbacks and plan for contingencies. Continue reading >>
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13 April 2023
A Glimpse into More Equitable International Governance
On March 29, the United Nations General Assembly passed a landmark resolution asking the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion on state obligations relating to climate change and the consequences of breaching them under several sources of international law, including the UN Charter, human rights treaties, and international customary law. The import of both the request and the opinion, however, is not just about Earth’s climate system and the extent of state obligations for protecting it; it is also about the potential for more equitable, just, and effective international governance. Continue reading >>
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Verfassungsfeindliches Verhalten im öffentlichen Dienst
In den letzten Wochen und Monaten rückten verfassungsfeindliche Verhaltensweisen von Staatsdiener:innen wieder in verstärktem Maße in das Blickfeld der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung. Die MEGAVO-Studie hat am 4.4.2023 ihren Zwischenbericht vorgelegt. Danach finde sich im Bereich der Polizei „allenfalls eine kleine Anzahl von Personen, die ein konsistent menschen- und demokratiefeindliches Weltbild aufweist“. Allerdings seien „durchaus mehr als nur Einzelfälle“ gegeben, „bei denen die individuelle Einstellung kaum mit den Leitbildern der Polizei in Einklang zu bringen ist“. Jedenfalls vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen Sachstands in der Forschung kann allerdings dieser Befund gegenwärtig kaum weiterführende Erkenntnisse auf institutionellen Rassismus oder gar Rechtsextremismus in deutschen Behörden liefern. Continue reading >>
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12 April 2023
Colombia, a Besieged Democracy with (New) Oligarchic Tendencies?
On 20 March, Colombia’s newly formed government suspended the cease fire it had only recently concluded with the Clan de Golfo, one of the country’s most powerful, remaining armed non-state actor (ANSA). The announcement followed repeated attacks against civilians in the country’s North-West ascribed to the group. Not even ten days later, the largest remaining guerrilla group, the ELN (also engaged in the government’s Total Peace initiative), killed nine soldiers in an attack in the frontier region with Venezuela. This blogpost details what distinguishes these post-FARC and post-AUC Armed Non State Actors from their predecessors and how their emergence threatens to ensure that Colombia remains a besieged democracy, despite all the progress it has made. Continue reading >>
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Nordrhein-Westfalens menschenunwürdige Taschengeldpraxis
Dreißig Jahre gibt es das Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz (AsylbLG) nun. Zu diesem Anlass werden vom 20. bis 26. Mai 2023 einige Nichtregierungsorganisationen in der Aktionswoche gegen das AsylbLG darauf aufmerksam machen, dass das Gesetz dringend reformbedürftig ist. Das Ministerium für Kinder, Jugend, Familie, Gleichstellung, Flucht und Integration des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen verletzt seine Fürsorgepflicht für Geflüchtete mittels eines 'Runderlasses zur Auszahlung des Bargeldbedarfs zur Deckung des notwendigen persönlichen Bedarfs nach dem Asylbewerberleistungsgesetz'. Teile dieses Runderlasses zur Auszahlung des Bargeldbedarfs sind nach der hier vertretenen Auffassung rechtswidrig. Continue reading >>Democracy, Sovereignty and Europe
Fifty years after Ireland and UK joined the EEC together in January 1973, the two states find themselves on radically different European trajectories. Both are common law countries with shared traditions of parliamentary governance and strong cultural links to the wider Anglosphere. However, in Ireland there is broad elite and popular support for maintaining alignment with the requirements of EU and ECHR law – while, in the UK, such European influences trigger a sharp allergic reaction. What explains this dramatic divergence? The answer perhaps lies partially in the differing ‘constitutional imaginaries’ of Ireland and the UK, and how EU and ECHR alignment is understood to impact on the exercise of popular sovereignty in both states. Continue reading >>
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Wie die EU durch das Spitzenkandidatensystem ihre illiberalen Regime in Ungarn und Polen bekämpfen könnte
Die Europäische Union scheint unfähig zu sein, gegen die illiberalen Regime in Polen und Ungarn erfolgreich vorzugehen. Dabei hält sich der Irrglaube, dass die EU keine rechtlichen Mittel zur Verfügung habe, um gegen diese undemokratischen Staaten anzukämpfen. Dies ist nicht der Fall. Die EU hat und hatte schon immer die nötigen Mittel zur Hand, die jedoch auch tatsächlich genutzt werden müssten. Der notwendige Schritt, um dies zu garantieren, ist so einfach wie wirksam. Die EU muss das Spitzenkandidatensystem für die Europäische Kommission wiedereinsetzen. Continue reading >>
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11 April 2023
Integration as Disintegration
50 years after accession of Ireland and the UK to the EEC and seven years after the disastrous Brexit referendum, Ireland still sits pretty in the EU, but the UK and its Constitution have been called into possibly fatal doubt, especially as regards their integrative capacity, or continuing ability to bind distinct political classes and the nations of the Union to one another. Writing in early 2023, amidst the ruins of a Brexit reality, if not the end of the Brexit delusion, this short commentary foresees – possibly foolishly – a radical future of independent nations within a loose ‘Confederation of the Isles’, wherein Ireland might share some (symbolic) competences with Scotland, England and Wales, enabling a peaceful a prosperous coexistence within the North-western European archipelago. Continue reading >>
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07 April 2023
Short Detention, Long Shadow
Several videos show the arrest of Clara Ponsatí last Tuesday in the streets of Barcelona, a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). Separatist politicians have forcefully condemned the arrest as an ‘attack on democracy’, ‘political violence’, ‘repression’ and ‘abuse of power’, while also asserting an egregious violation of an MEP’s immunity. This piece argues that the arrest warrant issued by the Tribunal Supremo on 28 March 2023 does not hold up against established constitutional principles. Continue reading >>Squaring the Circle
The Italian Data Protection Authority banned ChatGPT for violating EU data protection law. As training and operating large language models like ChatGPT requires massive amounts of (personal) data, AI's future in Europe, to an extent, hinges upon the GDPR. Continue reading >>06 April 2023
Dünnes Eis für die 5%-Sperrklausel
Kaum war das Gesetz zur Änderung des Bundeswahlgesetzes am 17. März beschlossen, wurden die ersten Stimmen laut, die sich wahlweise der Verfassungswidrigkeit oder der Verfassungskonformität des neuen Wahlrechts überaus sicher zeigten. Während an der grundlegenden Umstellung des Wahlsystems, das künftig den Verhältniswahlelementen Vorrang einräumt, kaum ernsthafte verfassungsrechtliche Bedenken bestehen, wird mit guten Gründen Anstoß genommen am Wegfall der Grundmandatsklausel – Lebensversicherung der CSU und Notnagel der Partei DIE LINKE. Plötzlich tritt ein bislang kaum sichtbares Spannungsfeld zwischen Grundmandatsklausel, 5%-Hürde und der Integrationsfunktion von Wahlen in regionaler Hinsicht zutage. Continue reading >>Corporate Duty of Vigilance and Environment
On February 23, 2023, French bank BNP Paribas was sued before the civil tribunal in Paris for having allegedly breached its environmental duty of vigilance. In particular, deficiencies in the vigilance plan related to the allocation fundraising activities are criticized. This climate litigation, involving a French bank for the first time, could increase the liability of financial protagonists in the fight against climate change if it succeeded. Nevertheless, one may doubt that the case against BNP Paribas will prove to be successful, as previous ones – which had been introduced under the 2017 law of vigilance (LdV) – are all either pending or unsuccessful. Continue reading >>
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Constitutional Change in the UK – People or Party?
The UK’s membership of, and later exit from, the EU has had a dramatic effect on the UK constitution. It also provided a catalyst for further change. These demonstrate the relative ease with which the UK constitution can be modified, reinforcing the UK’s characterisation as a predominantly political, flexible constitution. This post will argue that these transformations illustrate something more fundamental that applies to all constitutions – be they predominantly codified or uncodified, with or without the ability of the courts to strike down unconstitutional legislation. Continue reading >>
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Viel Grau, wenig Grün
Der Koalitionsausschuss hat sich letzte Woche auf eine „Weiterentwicklung“ des Klimaschutzgesetzes sowie auf die Festschreibung eines „überragenden öffentlichen Interesses“ zur Beschleunigung zahlreicher Autobahnprojekte geeinigt. Beschleunigt werden soll aber auch im Bereich des Naturschutzes. Allerdings ist fragwürdig, ob mit den vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen nur das Tempo bei der Umsetzung verschiedener Infrastrukturvorhaben auf Kosten der Natur erhöht wird, oder ob damit – wie auf dem Papier angestrebt – auch eine echte Effektivierung des Naturschutzes einhergehen kann. Bislang setzen die Reformvorschläge der Koalition auf möglichst wenig Konfrontation mit konkurrierenden Flächenansprüchen – damit wird sich ein effektiver Schutz der Biodiversität nicht erreichen lassen. Continue reading >>
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05 April 2023
In Jerusalem my Heart wanted to Scream out: “I am Polin, too” …
I went to Israel at a moment’s notice to share the lessons and cautionary tales of anti-constitutional capture in Poland and to explain the mechanics behind systemic and legalistic dismantling of the liberal foundations of the legal order. However, during my stay in Israel, I realized that as much the Israelis wanted to learn from me, they might as well teach Poles crucial lessons, not less these of civic engagement and mobilization. Continue reading >>
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Turkey’s Envisioned Exit from Authoritarianism
Turkey has been ruled by the AKP under Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s leadership for more than 20 years. Throughout this time, Erdoğan got almost total control over state administration and judiciary, and enchained the media and big capital owners to himself. The Nation Alliance vows to change the political regime from executive presidentialism to parliamentary democracy in case it should defeat Erdoğan on May 14. In that regard, Turkey will turn over a new leaf in its Republican history, if, for the first time, a regime change would take place through a civilian transition. Continue reading >>Humanizing Warfare as a Project of Power Politics and Colonial Exclusion
The myth of the Geneva Conventions as a liberal, inclusive project has been thoroughly deconstructed. Two recent books, Boyd van Dijk's "Preparing for War. The Making of the Geneva Conventions" and Hugo Slim's "Solferino 21. Warfare, Civilians and Humanitarians in the Twenty-First Century" delve into the history of the humanitarian project and shed light on its imperial and postcolonial contexts. A review essay. Continue reading >>
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Imposing Brexit onto Northern Ireland’s Post-Conflict Governance Order
The Westphalian state provides for an all-but ubiquitous building block of governance. It stacks neatly into dominant accounts of multi-level governance, with all states being presented as nominal equals on the plain of international law. Where reasons of scale or the needs of diverse societies require, sub-state levels of governance can be introduced into the equation. Multiple states, moreover, can pool aspects of their law and decision making where they see the advantages of so doing, resulting in regional supra-national bodies such as the EU. Continue reading >>
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