27 May 2020
Passive and Unequal: The Karlsruhe Vision for the Eurozone
The decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht on the European Central Bank’s PSPP program did not come as a shock. All the critical arguments of that decision can be found explicitly or implicitly in the BVerfG’s referral to the Court of Justice of the EU on 18 July 2017. The real object of the decision of the BVerfG is the economic governance of the Eurozone or rather the big bet of European solidarity and European integration, in the midst of a pandemic even. Continue reading >>
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26 May 2020
National Courts Cannot Override CJEU Judgments
The European Union is a community based on the rule of law. The EU legal order is the backbone that holds the EU together, and the German Federal Constitutional Court’s ruling in Weiss poses a profound threat to that legal order. This threat goes far beyond the potential consequences of the Weiss ruling for European monetary policy. We write this statement to express our shared view that the German Court’s assertion that it can declare that a CJEU judgment “has no binding force in Germany” is untenable and must be forcefully rejected. We also write to challenge those versions of scholarship on constitutional pluralism and constitutional identity that would defend the authority of any national court to make such a ruling and that helped (even if unintentionally) encourage it to do so. Continue reading >>Lockdown Fatigue: Pandemic from the Perspective of Nudge Theory
Some governments have responded to the COVID-19 pandemic by developing policies based on ideas from behavioural psychology, especially ‘nudge theory’. But the pandemic has highlighted two important failings of ‘nudging’ – its libertarian opposition to state intervention; and its lack of any theory of psychological interiority. Continue reading >>
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COVID-19: Walking the Tightrope of Vaccination Obligations
Normally, outside states of public health emergency, many countries employ some type of vaccination coercion scheme to encourage uptake. The range of possible measures, including monetary incentives, social exclusion, fines, and criminal penalties, fall on a spectrum from voluntary to strictly mandatory. Given the power and efficacy of vaccinations, many nations have adopted varying approaches to compelling vaccination against emergent public health threats. Specifically, this article examines the legal and historical orientation of mandatory vaccination in the US and Germany. Continue reading >>Der Ball rollt wieder –Lobbyarbeit oder Grundgesetz?
In den letzten Wochen wurden in den Polit-Talkshows dieses Landes und andernorts viele Lockerungen im Zuge der Corona-Pandemie diskutiert. Eine ausgeprägte Voreingenommenheit mancher Diskussionsteilnehmer kam in besonderem Maße zum Vorschein, wenn über den sogenannten ReStart der Fußball-Bundesligen diskutiert wurde. Die Fähigkeit zur Abstraktion scheint im Zusammenhang mit einer emotional aufgeladenen Angelegenheit wie dem Profifußball mitunter außer Kraft gesetzt. Continue reading >>
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Can an Unlawful Judge be the First President of the Supreme Court?
Yesterday, the President of Poland appointed Małgorzata Manowska as the First President of the Supreme Court. The Polish Supreme Court, with Manowska as its First President, may from now on have difficulty providing the appearance of independence as required from all national courts dealing with EU law. Continue reading >>States of Emergency
The fifty days of the ‘COVID-19 and States of emergency’ Symposium covered the height of the global legal reaction to the pandemic, offering a snapshot of countries in collective crisis. It began with a call for a global conversation on the kind of legal norms which should govern the situation of worldwide pandemic. This final contribution aims to trace the central themes, questions and issues raised by the Symposium. Continue reading >>Zerreißprobe für den Flickenteppich?
Kritik am Föderalismus zählt in Deutschland zu den festen Ritualen der öffentlichen Kommunikation. Einen Flickenteppich aus undurchsichtigen, unnötig komplizierten Regeln habe dieser gewebt. Der Bundesstaat sei ein aus der Zeit gefallenes Relikt – so lauten einige der während der Covid-19-Krise wiederkehrenden abwertenden Meinungen. Diese Einschätzungen offenbaren ein fragwürdiges Verständnis von Föderalismus und Demokratie. Continue reading >>The European Court of Justice Enters a New Era of Scrutiny
Among the many unintended consequences of the PSPP judgment, the most unforeseen of all was to thrust the Court of Justice of the European Union into the limelight. All of a sudden, the media coverage is no longer limited to what the CJEU decides but how it decides and operates. Continue reading >>25 May 2020
Wer glaubt meinem Glauben?
Wenn Geflüchtete im Asylverfahren geltend machen, wegen einer Konversion zum Christentum bei einer Rückkehr in ihr Herkunftsland einer Verfolgung ausgesetzt zu sein, ist das ein Asylgrund. Die weiterhin offenen Fragen jedes Einzelfalls sind freilich: Ist die Konversion und der christliche Glaube glaubhaft? Und lebt die einzelne Antragstellerin ihren christlichen Glauben in einer Art und Weise, dass ihr im Herkunftsland eine Verfolgung droht? Und vor allem: Wer hat die rechtliche wie tatsächliche Kompetenz, diese Fragen zu beantworten? Dazu hat sich jetzt das Bundesverfassungsgericht geäußert. Continue reading >>The Illiterate Democracy
Brazil is suffering under the corona pandemic, while the president (mis)governs the country by denying scientific evidence. Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic seems a good time to explore the right to science and how it might help in this situation. Continue reading >>The Bundesbank is under a legal obligation to ignore the PSPP Judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht
If there is a situation undermining the rule of law, then it is exactly this: The Bundesbank is under a legal obligation to ignore the PSPP Judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (under EU law), and the Bundesbank is under a legal obligation to follow the PSPP Judgment of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (under German constitutional law). How has it come to this? Continue reading >>VB Live: “Universally respected but temporarily neglected?” – COVID-19 as a crisis for human rights and multilateralism
Today on Verfassungsblog: Session III of our discussion series on the COVID-19 crisis from a German, European and International Perspective, jointly organized by IFHV and Verfassungsblog - streamed live, Tuesday, 19 May 2020, from 4:00 - 5:45 pm. Don't miss it! Continue reading >>China’s Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic: Fighting Two Enemies
The reality of China’s coronavirus experience raises distinctive legal-political concerns. The Party has used its vast and concentrated power to fight not only the virus, but also domestic critics of its response, including medical professionals, journalists, human rights activists, a constitutional law professor, and citizens simply speaking up via the social media because they were engaged, or enraged, or both. The fight against one of these ‘enemies’, inevitably, has affected that against the other. Continue reading >>24 May 2020
Der biologische Essentialismus hinter „lediglich empfundener Intersexualität“
Das Recht lebt von Kategorisierungen. Kategorisierungen wiederum implizieren Begrenzungen, sogar gewaltsame Begrenzungen. Der aktuelle Beschluss des Bundesgerichtshofs zur „lediglich empfundenen Intersexualität“ bringt dies besonders deutlich zum Vorschein: Die scheinbar rechtstechnische Frage nach der anwendbaren Norm für die Änderung oder Löschung eines personenstandsrechtlichen Geschlechtseintrags entpuppt sich als zutiefst politisch. An ihr kristallisieren sich grundlegende Fragen zu Geschlechterverständnissen, zu Körperlichkeit, und zu Selbst- und Fremdbestimmung. Continue reading >>Impacts of COVID-19 – The Global Access to Justice Survey
In addition to initiating a humanitarian crisis, the coronavirus outbreak is triggering multiple impacts (social, political, economic, environmental etc.) on the global stage, whose consequences – both negative and positive – were not only unforeseen, but remain unpredictable. We can be sure, however, that they will inevitably touch, one way or another, our justice and legal aid systems. Continue reading >>
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The Rule of Law Stress Test: EU Member States’ Responses to COVID-19
By mid-March, all EU member states were in a state of emergency, whether they officially declared one or not. Across the EU many human rights were severely restricted, particularly the right to free movement. Not every state of emergency is the same, however. Some exceed what is foreseen in international human rights law. Continue reading >>
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23 May 2020
Showdown at the Last Chance Saloon
As a political slogan, and a guideline in times of crisis, ‘whatever it takes’ undoubtedly has enormous appeal, and may in certain circumstances justify novel and untried forms of action. However, in a polity governed by the rule of law, there are limits to this approach which, if not respected, may cause greater problems than those which provoked the action in the first place. Continue reading >>Eine Antwort, viele neue Fragen
Vor einem Staat, der durch Grundrechte nicht gebunden ist, muss man Angst haben. Grundrechtlich gebundene Staatsgewalt ist nicht per se daran gehindert, in Grundrechte einzugreifen, aber sie muss sich dafür im Lichte der verfassungsrechtlichen Anforderungen rechtfertigen. Vor diesem Hintergrund muss es nicht verwundern, dass man die Entwicklung der verfassungsgerichtlichen Rechtsprechung als eine Entwicklung hin zu einem immer lückenloseren Grundrechtsschutz lesen kann. Von diesem Grundsatz scheinbar ausgenommen war bislang (zumindest teilweise) staatliches Handeln außerhalb des Staatsgebietes. Continue reading >>
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COVID-19, Constitutionalism and Emergencies under Ghana’s 1992 Fourth Republican Constitution
Ghana has adopted several measures in tackling the COVID-19 global pandemic, chief among them being the enactment of new legislation to tackle the issue, and the exercise of powers under pre-existing legislation. A formal state of emergency has not been declared in the wake of the pandemic, leading to debates, for instance regarding the impact of the current situation on the 2020 elections. Continue reading >>Russia – With Scepter and Corona
Since the first cases of COVID-19 were registered in Zabaikalsky kray and Tumenskaya oblast on 31 January 2020, the Russian government has reacted to the challenge of the epidemic by enacting new legislation and introducing some emergency measures. The pandemic is bringing new and unpleasant surprises, creating specific social, economic and legal hardships which is making the unstable life of Russian citizens even worse. Continue reading >>
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Wann kommt der Abschiebungsstopp?
In der COVID-19-Pandemie erweist sich die Situation Geflüchteter hierzulande wie anderswo als besonders prekär. Verschärft wird dies nicht zuletzt dadurch, dass der Zugang zu Rechtsberatung aktuell erheblich erschwert ist. Gleichwohl werden vollziehbar Ausreisepflichtige nach wie vor abgeschoben und zwar auch in Herkunftsstaaten, die ebenfalls von der Pandemie betroffen sind. Ist es an der Zeit für ein nationales Abschiebungsverbot oder wenigstens einen Abschiebungsstopp? Continue reading >>22 May 2020
Squaring the PSPP Circle
The PSPP judgment made a core problem of the European Union painfully visible as the supremacy of EU law clashed with national constitutional identity. There is, however, a possibility to square this circle: national apex courts could be empowered to issue ‘declarations of incompatibility’ under Article 4(2) TEU as an alternative to the disapplication of EU law. Continue reading >>Bewaffnete Drohnen für die Bundeswehr?
Der jahrelange Diskurs über die Anschaffung bewaffneter Drohnen für die Bundeswehr hat vergangenen Montag neuen Auftrieb erfahren, als im Bundesministerium der Verteidigung zur großen #Drohnendebatte2020 aufgerufen wurde, welche via Livestream und sozialen Medien einer breiten Öffentlichkeit zugänglich gemacht wurde. In dieser Debatte ranken sich seit jeher diverse Mythen um ein Potpourri ethischer Bedenken und nationaler sowie internationaler Rechtsregeln. Der Beitrag will in die rechtlichen Aspekte etwas Klarheit bringen. Continue reading >>
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States of Emergency without Rule of Law: The Case of Venezuela
Nicolás Maduro, who still holds the presidency, declared a state of alarm on March 13, 2020, invoking the need to counter the pandemic. However, the corresponding decree not only contradicts the constitutional provisions for states of exception but is also being employed to impose abusive limitations on human rights, to aggravate political repression and persecution, to blur the seriousness of certain socio-economic problems, and to contain social protests. The absence of judicial and parliamentary controls that could counteract these excesses of power has resulted in an autocratic shift within a context that was already authoritarian. Continue reading >>Slovakia: Change of Government under COVID-19 Emergency
The Slovak experience with the COVID-19 pandemic has been affected by the fact that the outbreak took place at the time of a change in government. The new government, because of its relative inexperience and populist tendencies, has committed mistakes, often amounting to an infringement of citizens' fundamental rights and freedoms, especially the freedom of movement. Continue reading >>
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21 May 2020
Law or Politics?
Why should a proportionality assessment of an instrument of monetary policy, which no one doubts is at least in part designed to increase money supply and combat deflation, examine that instrument’s effect on economic policy? There are two different answers—one under EU law, the other under German law. Continue reading >>Herrschaftslegitimation und implizite Identitätskontrolle
Würde sich der Gerichtshof auf die Kritik des BVerfG konstruktiv einlassen und ein Kontrollniveau etablieren, das der demokratischen und rechtstaatlichen Struktur der Union wirklich gerecht wird, wäre er am Ende der eigentliche Gewinner. Auch Reservevorbehalte des BVerfG würden sich dann von selbst erledigen. Continue reading >>Die Demokratie muss immun bleiben
In allen Bereichen des öffentlichen Lebens wurden in den vergangenen Wochen Hygienekonzepte für eine „neue Realität” mit der Corona-Epidemie entwickelt. Das gilt auch für die Verfassungsorgane. So tagte der Deutsche Bundestag in der vergangenen Woche zum wiederholten Mal im Corona-Modus: mit markierten Abständen zwischen den Abgeordneten, aber ansonsten ziemlich normal. Eines Hygienekonzepts bedarf es nun auch für die Vorbereitung und Durchführung der nächsten Bundestagswahl – und das wirft Fragen und Probleme auf, die im Zuge einer Überarbeitung des Wahlrechts vom Bundestag mit Umsicht gehandhabt werden müssen. Continue reading >>Can Parliament Exercise Effective Control over the Emergency Legislation?
Despite the enormous delegation of power under the recent emergency legislation, the Hungarian parliament is still able to exercise parliamentary scrutiny and its constitutional prerogatives. Continue reading >>
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Cameroon’s Fight Against COVID-19: An Ordinary Legal Framework for an Extraordinary Situation
Cameroon has neither resorted to the exceptional measures that its constitution provides for, nor adopted a new law for the occasion, as many other countries have done. The state has instead relied on already existing provisions, applicable in ordinary times to combat the pandemic. This speaks volumes about the “ordinary” powers of the administrative authorities. Continue reading >>
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Verfassungsrichter in der Defensive
Huber, Voßkuhle, Lenaerts – drei Richter des BVerfG bzw. EuGH haben sich in der Presse zu Wort gemeldet, um ihre jeweiligen Urteile im Streit um die Ultra-Vires-Entscheidung zu verteidigen. Diese Reaktionen sind nicht nur rechtlich problematisch, sie drohen auch genau das zu verspielen, was die Richter zu bewahren suchen: das öffentliche Vertrauen und ihre Autorität. Continue reading >>Romania in the Covid Era: Between Corona Crisis and Constitutional Crisis
In Romania, the sanitary crisis caused by the SARS-COV-2 pandemic started during an existing political crisis and overlapped, at a few crucial moments, with a constitutional crisis. The fact that 2020 is an electoral year had an important impact on the crisis management: on the one hand, the political conflicts increased, but, on the other hand, the fact that the power did not belong to the same political majority hindered potential abuses of one of the actors, especially of the President. Continue reading >>20 May 2020
From Dialogue to Trialogue
The current clash between the Federal Constitutional Court and the ECJ should not obscure the fact that none of the two courts fits the cliché they are often turned into. A view at some ECJ decisions regarding criminal law makes this clear. Nonetheless, the dynamic between the courts must change – maybe the European citizen can step in and offer help. Continue reading >>
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When is a Court a Court?
The PSPP decision is not the first time a national court objected the CJEU. In Ajos, for example, the Danish Supreme Court rebelled against conform interpretation. The PSPP decision is nonetheless different: It is a challenge on a whole new level. Continue reading >>
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Czechs and Balances – If the Epidemiological Situation Allows…
In the Czech Republic, the COVID-19 crisis has brought not only a general state of chaos but also a considerable shift of powers to the executive branch. The first shift, impairing the legislative branch, was triggered by the declaration of a state of emergency on 12 March 2020. The second shift, diminishing also the role of the judiciary, was caused by a ruling in which the Constitutional showed its unwillingness to interfere with the government’s steps. Continue reading >>The State of Denial Amidst a Military Parade: COVID-19 in Belarus
In contrast to the ‘illiberal democracies’ of Hungary and Poland, Belarus in its response to COVID-19 appears to be playing the role of a perfectly ‘liberal’ state with almost a laissez-faire solution, where people’s choice is prioritized and rights are respected as no severe measures are introduced to close businesses or restrict free movement. This image is inevitably misleading, as democratic institutions in Belarus have been brought to heel long ago, and alternative information about the state of affairs in Belarus regarding the virus remains suppressed. Continue reading >>
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Lockdown v. Liberty
All around the world, countries have been imposing lockdowns to try to contain the spread of the deadly coronavirus, COVID-19. These lockdowns have severely restricted people’s movement and interaction with family members; they have had a drastic effect on social lives and religious worship; they have directly caused the loss of many jobs and they have plunged the world into a severe economic depression that will take a long time to recover from. Do we accept these restrictions because we do not believe in freedom anymore? Or do we believe that these restrictions do not really disrespect the essence of our freedom? Continue reading >>
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19 May 2020
Why Egenberger Could Be Next
Soon, the Federal Constitutional Court will decide on the Egenberger case that raises important questions at the intersection of anti-discrimination law and religious policy. The decision is an opportunity to address critical questions to the European Court of Justice – a court that lacks dogmatic subtlety and sensitivity with regard to religion and cultural policy as an analysis of its case law shows. Continue reading >>VB Live: “Whatever it takes?” – COVID-19 as an (existential) crisis for the European Union
Session II of our discussion series on the COVID-19 crisis from a German, European and International Perspective, jointly organized by IFHV and Verfassungsblog - streamed live here on Verfassungsblog from 4:00 - 5:45 pm. Join now! Continue reading >>Chile and COVID-19: A Constitutional Authoritarian Temptation
Due to the pandemic, Chile's 2020 electoral calendar has been modified, delaying the most important political event of the year: the April referendum for a new constitution. While the postponement is reasonable considering the current sanitary situation, recent suggestions that there be a further postponement due to a possible post-pandemic economic crisis threaten the democratic legitimacy of the process. As argued in this post, these measures and opinions, when read together, put the government close to an authoritarian use of the constitution. Continue reading >>The Last Chance Saloon
To all intents and purposes, Orbán and his government have ceased to be democratically accountable either to the Hungarian Parliament or to the citizens of Hungary. The words in that last sentence are chosen carefully and with meaning. This blogpost suggest that Article 10 TEU may provide a basis for the exclusion of Hungarian representatives from the European Council and the Council of the European Union. Continue reading >>
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Emergency Law Amendments to Fight Covid-19 in Egypt: Putting the Poison in the Honey
One could learn a very important lesson from the Egyptian experience as it relates to the state of emergency: A good constitutional text alone is not enough. Although new amendments to the Emergency Law included several public health measures that allow the state to contain the impact of the spread of COVID-19, the absence of a parliamentary and judicial review will remain a huge threat to fundamental rights and the basics of the democratic rule-making. Continue reading >>18 May 2020
Very Unkind Things about the German Constitutional Court’s Rebellion against the ECJ in the Quantitative Easing Case.
Much has been written about the recent German Constitutional Court (GCC) ruling which has essentially dismantled the 2018 judgement of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) over the legality of the ECB Quantitative Easing Program. Much more will be written. I will limit myself here in analysing what I believe is the “macroeconomic” essence of the ruling. Continue reading >>Germany’s Failing Court
The German Federal Constitutional Court’s PSPP judgment depends on three intricate principles that the Court says are implicit in the German constitution, to such an extent that they are ‘unamendable’ under the ‘eternity’ clause of Article 79. These principles, however, are unique to Germany and unfamiliar in other European jurisdictions. Thereby the German Court has taken a ultimately illegitimate turn towards a narrow and inward interpretation of its constitution, which inexplicably neglects its European dimension. Given the potential effects of Germany’s apparent defiance of EU law and in light of the current ongoing discussions about the desired increased burden-sharing among the winners and losers of the Eurozone, the internal constitutional argument in Germany is a matter of great significance for the future of the Eurozone. Continue reading >>Constitutional Impasse in Ethiopia
Covid-19 makes elections hard to hold – and forced Ethiopia to reschedule its general election for the House of Representatives. It is unclear how and when the election will be held instead – a pressing issue as the canceled election was to take place only a month before the current term of office ends. Who will have the mandate to govern after this date until the Ethiopians are able to go to the polls to elect the next House of Representatives? Continue reading >>
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When Managed Recognition Turns into Outright Denial
Kalypso Nicolaïdis has referred to managed recognition as an exercise in legal empathy mediated through conditions and limits, and resulting from the ‘eternal dance of law and politics’. The notion lends a useful lens to capture the relation between European top courts. In the version of that relation emerging from the PSPP judgment, this lens magnifies a disruption, a side effect, and an alternative course. Continue reading >>Fight Against Covid-19 in Serbia: Saving the Nation or Securing the Re-Election?
The Covid-19 epidemic outbreak in Serbia coincided with the beginning of the election campaign for both parliamentary and municipal elections. Soon, it became clear that what was at stake in the fight against Covid-19 was not so much saving the nation as securing the majority re-election of the ruling Serbian Progressive Party, headed by its populist leader and President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić. Continue reading >>
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Nigeria’s Emergency (Legal) Response to COVID-19: A Worthy Sacrifice for Public Health?
Like many other countries across the world, Nigeria has called upon emergency powers to deal with COVID-19 without, however, having declared a state of emergency. The use of emergency powers in Nigeria in the fight against COVID-19 is not only peculiar but problematic for a number of reasons. Continue reading >>17 May 2020
Ein Vertragsverletzungsverfahren als Deeskalationsinstrument?
Könnte ein Vertragsverletzungsverfahren in dem Ultra-Vires-Fall eine weitere Stufe des Kooperationsverhältnisses von EuGH und BVerfG sein? Es könnte den prozessualen Mantel bilden, um den Dialog um den Inhalt der nationalen Verfassungsidentität der Bundesrepublik fortzuführen. Continue reading >>
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