12 January 2021
Transnational Law’s Multiple Legalities
Almost seventy years after Philip Jessup coined the term “transnational law” as “all law which regulates actions or events that transcend national frontiers…both public and private international law”, the public-private law dichotomy is still deeply entrenched in legal thought. This panel brings together scholars who have regularly transcended this dichotomy in their work to discuss how legal multiplicity is impacting on our understanding of transnational law today. Continue reading >>
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Cyberlegalities
How are online platforms that are used by billions of users around the world regulated? This panel looks at how platform economies such as Facebook or AirBnB are regulated and how they relate with and connect the different legalities they come into contact with. Does this challenge traditional understandings of law? Continue reading >>
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Competing Visions, Intersecting Legalities
When faced with multiple legalities, how do we know what “the law” is, and how is this notion formed by different actors coming at this question from different vantage points? This panel investigates this question through different case studies, ranging from the post-colonial state of Papua New Guinea to Northern Colombia and China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Continue reading >>
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Networks
Informal, “soft” law has often been investigated through the lens of network authority. This panel contrasts two such perspectives from transnational law – private transnational legal regimes in the field of corporate social responsibility and the transition from and connections between informal and formal law in the field of global financial governance – with a theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of connectivity norms for the global legal order. Continue reading >>
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Overlapping Spheres of Authority and Interface Conflicts in the Global Order
The Conference on Multiple Legalities is organized as part of the interdisciplinary research group “Overlapping Spheres of Authority and Interface Conflicts in the Global Order”. Three research groups present their main insights from this multi-year collaborative endeavor in conversation with Jeffrey L. Dunoff. Some research results can be found in a Global Constitutionalism Special Issue. Continue reading >>
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Multiplicity and Law’s Foundations
How does multiplicity in law beyond (and within) the state affect our understanding of the nature of law? In this discussion, international law scholar Sarah Nouwen engages in a conversation with legal philosophers Brian Z. Tamanaha and Christoph Möllers to take stock of the debate and its implications for theories of law. Continue reading >>Invisible Drivers Behind Formal Law
Formal legal rules do not appear out of thin air. Rather, their emergence is conditioned by frameworks that are invisible to the formalist perspective. This panel looks at how formal law is driven by an array of less visible factors: data, algorithms, and broader “background rules”. Continue reading >>
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Verticality and Struggles over Human Rights
How do different legal orders interact vertically? Is this interaction marked by conflict and contestation, or by compromise and collaboration? This panel looks at three different such interactions: between domestic courts and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights; between regional human rights courts and United Nations Treaty Bodies; and between Swiss domestic law and the lex sportiva. Continue reading >>
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Images of Multiplicity: Spaces, Entanglement, Hybridity
When attempting to analyse multiple legalities, various conceptualizations have been and continue to be offered to capture this phenomenon. These different conceptualizations rest on different images of multiplicity. How do we arrive at such diverging conceptualizations, and what are the reasons behind them? This panel presents and discusses three different images of multiplicity. Continue reading >>
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Multiple Legalities in International Law
This panel assembles four eminent international law scholars to discuss how the multiplicity of law beyond the state observed over the past two days affects the study of international law today. What are the prospects for international law as a discipline? Continue reading >>
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Closing Roundtable
In closing, we aim to take stock of the two-day conference and our attempt to bring into conversation scholars from different backgrounds to understand the implications of multiplicity for the theory and practice of law beyond the state. Continue reading >>
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10 January 2021
Muss der Staat die künstliche Fortpflanzung verbieten?
Das deutsche Fortpflanzungsmedizinrecht befindet sich in einem geradezu erbärmlichen Zustand: Das aus dem Jahr 1990 stammende Embryonenschutzgesetz (ESchG) ist – auch im Hinblick auf den medizinischen Fortschritt – veraltet, als Strafgesetz von repressivem Charakter und in Teilen verfassungsrechtlich nicht haltbar. Politik und Gesetzgeber weigern sich beharrlich, dem dringenden Desiderat nach einem modernen, dem Stand der Medizin angemessenen Fortpflanzungsmedizingesetz Rechnung zu tragen. Continue reading >>
08 January 2021
The Paradox of Israel’s Coronavirus Law
On January 12, 2021, the Israeli Supreme Court sitting as High Court of Justice (HCJ) will hear arguments in a series of cases challenging the constitutionality of Israel’s Coronavirus Law. This Law was enacted on July 23, 2020, to replace the Israeli government’s reliance on general emergency powers. It was supposed to curb the government’s powers on restricting rights and ensure parliamentary supervision of enacted measures. In fact, however, it handed the government new executive lawmaking powers rather than limiting them. Continue reading >>
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Zoom in den Gerichtssaal?
Seit dem Ausbruch der Corona-Krise sehen sich diverse Gerichte zunehmend vor die Schwierigkeit gestellt, den normalen Betrieb unter Einhaltung der Maßnahmen zur sozialen Distanz aufrechtzuerhalten. Um dem oftmals verhängten Notbetrieb Abhilfe zu schaffen, wird immer eifriger an der Einführung digitaler Gerichtsprozesse gearbeitet. Ausgeblendet wird in diesen Diskussionen oftmals die Tatsache, dass mit der Digitalisierung von Rechtsprozessen wesentlich grundsätzlichere Fragen zum Wesen und zur Funktionsweise des Rechts aufgeworfen werden, die sich bei näherer Betrachtung als unlösbar mit Fragen von Präsenz verflochten erweisen. Continue reading >>
07 January 2021
New Year’s Predictions on Rule of Law Litigation
On December 16, the European Union legislature finally adopted Regulation 2020/2092 on the rule of law conditionality of EU funds. Although the Regulation is supposed to apply from 1 January 2021, Hungary and Poland have reportedly announced their intention to challenge it before the CJEU. Here are three predictions on how this litigation is going to go in the year ahead. Continue reading >>
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Alles unter Verschluss
Das Bundesjustizministerium hat am 12. Dezember 2020 seinen Referentenentwurf zur Umsetzung der europäischen Whistleblowing-Richtlinie (2019/1937) (WBRL) an die Presse weitergereicht. Hinweise von Whistleblowern bezüglich Verschlusssachen sollen pauschal vom Anwendungsbereich der Richtlinie ausgenommen bleiben. In der Praxis würde die Effektivität des Schutzes von Hinweisgebern in staatlichen Behörden hierdurch massiv untergraben. Ein mutigerer Weg ist möglich: Die Einsetzung eines Bundestransparenzbeauftragten. Continue reading >>Insurrection
President Trump is dangerous. He must be removed from office. Immediately. There are three ways to do this. Continue reading >>
06 January 2021
The Brazilian Constitution Hanging by a Thread
In a December judgement, the Brazilian Supreme Court finally prohibited the re-election of the president of the House of Representatives, which had been practice for decades despite being in direct violation of the Brazilian constitution. In 2020, there has been unequivocal interest in the position of president of the House of Representatives as it holds the constitutional power to initiate an impeachment process, threatening president Bolsonaro. Although the Court ultimately declared the re-election unconstitutional, five dissenting votes of this judgment demonstrate the power of abusive judicial review. Continue reading >>
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05 January 2021
Dancing with the Dragon
On 30 December 2020, the EU Commission announced that the EU and China “in principle” concluded the negotiations on a Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI). So far, there has only been a limited assessment of the CAI from a human rights perspective which is problematic considering recent political developments in China. This leads to the question: How does the CAI measure against the standards of the constitutional law of the EU relating to its external relations? Moreover, it is doubtful that the agreement will meet the requirements prescribed by the European Parliament in this regard. Continue reading >>Notparlament in die Verfassung
In Schleswig-Hostein wird die Corona-Pandemie als Anlass dafür genutzt, Regelungen über ein Notparlament in der Landesverfassung zu verankern. Ein interfraktioneller Gesetzentwurf wird von 68 der 73 Abgeordneten des Landtages unterstützt. Doch der Entwurf enthält Ungereimtheiten und es stellt sich außerdem die Frage, ob die Thematik der Handlungsunfähigkeit des Landtages nicht weitgehend durch andere Verfassungsänderungen gelöst werden kann. Gerade, um die klar zum Ausdruck kommende Angst vor einem tatsächlichen Tätigwerden des Notparlaments zu mindern. Continue reading >>
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04 January 2021
Mitigating Brexit through Bilateral Free-Movement of Persons
Rather than bemoaning the Brexit choice the UK made, it is time to start thinking about living with it in a way that would cause as little disruption as possible for all those concerned. How to mitigate, at least to some degree, the sudden, unprecedented loss of rights that Brexit caused? EU citizenship not any more on the table, bilateral freedom of movement of persons agreements with the EU Member States, EEA countries and Switzerland could offer a way forward. This solution is fully in line with EU law and has already been tested. Continue reading >>Richtige Balance?
Der Europäische Haftbefehl ist nicht nur eine Dauerbaustelle des europäischen Grundrechtsschutzes, sondern zugleich das Produkt verketteter Fehlleistungen europäischer Institutionen. Kommission und Rat haben mit dem Rahmenbeschluss über den Europäischen Haftbefehl 2002/584/JI politisch ein Instrument geschaffen, das einseitig Funktionsinteressen der Strafrechtspflege forciert. Grundrechte wurden hingegen von Anfang auf eine Floskel reduziert, von der die effektive Rechtsanwendung möglichst verschont werden sollte. Continue reading >>A first impression of regulatory powers in the Digital Services Act
The EU Commission Proposal for a Digital Services Act (DSA), released on 15 December 2020, is one of the cornerstones of the Commission’s ‘A Europe Fit for the Digital Age’ political agenda. The regulatory model proposed in the DSA is highly centralised, with the Commission putting itself forward as the sole regulator with teeth vis-à-vis Big Tech, or “very large platforms”. A choice which builds on the failings of the GDPR, but creates tensions with general requirements of independence and impartiality of regulators. Continue reading >>Trump’s Endgame, Part II
The handoff of power from President Donald Trump to President-Elect Joe Biden is not going well. American law currently requires a long “transitional” period of nearly three months during which a defeated American president still holds the reins of power. The length interregnum creates an opportunity for two kinds of consequential mischief. Continue reading >>
03 January 2021
Trump’s Endgame, Part I
It should not have been surprising that vote totals were certified on time in Michigan or that an unfounded election lawsuit was dismissed in Wisconsin or that the state legislature of Pennsylvania refused to throw out the election results or that presidential electors voted in every state for the candidates they had pledged to support. This year, however, each of these normally unremarkable moments was reported as “breaking news.” And now we’ve learned that drama will continue to the very last stages of the certification process. Continue reading >>
01 January 2021
Grundrechtswende zur Jahreswende
Das Ende des in vielerlei Hinsicht denkwürdigen Jahres 2020 hat Karlsruhe mit einer zukunftsweisenden Grundsatzentscheidung eingeläutet. Mit seinem kurz vor Jahreswechsel veröffentlichten Beschluss in Sachen Europäischer Haftbefehl III erkennt nun auch der Zweite Senat des Bundesverfassungsgerichts die Unionsgrundrechte als unmittelbaren Prüfungsmaßstab der Verfassungsbeschwerde an. In einem begrüßenswerten und keineswegs selbstverständlichen Schritt schwenkt der Zweite auf die Linie des Ersten Senates ein. Continue reading >>
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31 December 2020
Gleiche Unfreiheit?
Das deutsche Gemeinwesen ist eine freiheitliche Ordnung, mit vielen –weithin akzeptierten, zum Teil aber auch beklagten und kritisierten – Ungleichheiten. Nichts Besonderes also. Manchmal aber bricht sich plötzlich und überraschend ein radikaler Egalitarismus Bahn. So ist es jetzt auch beim Impfen. Continue reading >>Speaking of Solidarity
Today the official deadline for members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) to submit a report to its General Council on a waiver proposal expires. This waiver would allow WTO members not to comply with certain obligations of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) for a limited amount of time in order to be able to effectively prevent, contain and treat COVID-19. For now, members have failed to take this first step towards a temporary suspension of TRIPS obligations but they agreed to continue the discussions beyond today's deadline. Nonetheless, the proposal highlights that intellectual property rights can not only act as an obstacle to global and just access to vaccines and medical equipment but also that the exisiting legal framework is inadequate to tackle crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. Continue reading >>
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30 December 2020
Brot statt Böller
Der Zweite Senat des Bundesverfassungsgerichts hat in einem Beschluss vom 1.12.2020, der am heutigen Mittwoch veröffentlicht wurde, vor Abschluss dieses turbulenten Jahres noch einmal ein kraftvolles Zeichen gesetzt. Er folgt der neuen Linie des Ersten Senats aus dem Fall Recht auf Vergessen II und wendet nun ebenfalls unmittelbar die Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union als Maßstab für eine Verfassungsbeschwerde an, wenn das Unionsrecht den Sachverhalt so dominiert, dass sein Anwendungsvorrang im Grundsatz auch die Grundrechte des Grundgesetzes verdrängt. Continue reading >>Conditionality Mechanism: What’s In It?
As from 1 January 2021 the Regulation on a general regime of conditionality for the protection of the Union budget will become applicable. A lot has been said about the outcome of the negotiation process of this new regulation for which all parties involved claimed victory, as it is usually the case once an agreement is reached. We would like to take this as an opportunity to evaluate the outcome from the personal perspective of two people engaged in the process of the negotiations at opposite sides – the European Parliament on the one side and the Council of the EU on the other side. Continue reading >>
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Back to Start?
The UK won a major victory with the EU in the Draft EU-UK Christmas EveTrade Agreement: It got the EU to renunciate the so-called Ukraine mechanism which, in effect, would have made the Commission the UK’s watchdog. This has caused some “Brexit envy” in Switzerland as this mechanism is part of the Draft EU-Switzerland Institutional Agreement. With a “bullshit” campaign, former Foreign Minister Didier Burkhalter, however, has led Switzerland into a cul-de-sac, making it likely that the negotiations will have to go back to start. Continue reading >>
29 December 2020
Failing Efforts to Delegitimize the Incoming Biden Administration
When state actors ignore evidence – or in the case of allegations of widespread election fraud, the lack of evidence – toward obtaining some political advantage, the community’s evaluation of the condition of the rule of law comes out badly. Degradation of the rule of law today leaves it in a state of disrepair tomorrow and alleviating harm to the way in which people morally appraise their legal system is not an easy fix. Continue reading >>
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„Privilegien“ für einige oder Lockdown für alle?
Noch ehe die erste Impfung verabreicht war, entbrannte die Diskussion um eine Differenzierung zwischen geimpften und nicht geimpften Personen. Dürfen geimpften Personen Möglichkeiten eines „normaleren“ Lebens eingeräumt werden, die man nicht geimpften Personen (noch) vorenthält? Oder muss der Staat jegliche Differenzierung verbieten und den Lockdown damit für alle bis zur (möglicherweise gar nicht erreichbaren) Herdenimmunität, aufrechterhalten? Continue reading >>
28 December 2020
On Vaccine Nationalism, the ‘Slowbalisation’ and Zoonotic Diseases – Part II
In part II of the interview, MURATCAN SABUNCU and ANNE PETERS discuss whether states can be held responsible for ineffective responses to the pandemic, the role of the WHO and the future of multilateralism. Continue reading >>On Vaccine Nationalism, the ‘Slowbalisation’ and Zoonotic Diseases – Part I
Although it is impossible to predict all of the current pandemic’s potential consequences, Covid-19 has already acquired a multidimensional nature, affecting all levels of society, and will seemingly become a catalyst of change in many fields, including international relations and international law. In the light of the current developments, MURATCAN SABUNCU discusses with ANNE PETERS the coronavirus, its global effects and transformative potential. Continue reading >>Mandat zu Meinungspflege?
Dem so genannten BDS-Beschluss des Deutschen Bundestags vom Mai 2019 kommt zwar als schlichter Parlamentsakt keine rechtliche Verbindlichkeit zu. Er hat aber eine nachhaltige Kontroverse ausgelöst. In diese Debatte hat sich auch der „Beauftragte der Bundesregierung für jüdisches Leben in Deutschland und den Kampf gegen Antisemitismus“ mit durchaus robusten Stellungnahmen eingeschaltet. Dies wirft ungeklärte verfassungsrechtliche Fragen auf. Continue reading >>
26 December 2020
Paradoxes and Dilemmas in Compliance and Enforcement
Scholars have relentlessly argued for tougher EU action against illiberal governments whose actions erode constitutional checks and balances. The panoply of EU tools is large and it comprises mechanisms for compliance via dialogue and engagement, the several infringement procedures and other ECJ cases with RoL implications, and procedures seeking enforcement. Yet, EU action remains inefficient since, to date, none of these mechanisms, jointly or individually, have been able to extract substantial compliance but rather what Agnes Batory called “symbolic and creative compliance” designed to create the appearance of norm‐conform behavior without giving up their original objectives. This poor performance reveals a crucial paradox on rule of law compliance: the EU is a community of law that lacks the last enforcement mechanism; i.e coercion. Continue reading >>
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24 December 2020
The Whole Is More than the Sum of its Parts
The long-awaited Demirtaş v. Turkey (No 2) Grand Chamber judgment has finally been delivered, twenty two months after referral and sixteen months since the 18 September 2019 hearing. The judgment, arguably the most important from the Grand Chamber in 2020, is highly significant for both political and jurisprudential reasons. Politically, the case concerns the ongoing deprivation of liberty of Selahattin Demirtaş – the former leader of the left-wing, pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP), the second-largest opposition party in Turkey. Continue reading >>
23 December 2020
Can (Republican) Values be Defined by Law?
On 9 December 2020, the French government presented an important legislative proposal that seeks to reaffirm « republican principles ». The project is worth being examined in some detail, as it encapsulates many of the recurring tensions in the French legal and political debate over pluralism and vivre ensemble. This is a cause for concern not only because of the ways in which it recasts a number of rights and freedoms, but also because of the strongly axiological program it conveys – one that may further reinforce ongoing tendencies to interpret a number of republican values in manners that alienate minorities religious and otherwise. Continue reading >>
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Opposing an Idle Federal Government
Last week, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court ruled that mandatory vaccination is constitutional and that states and municipalities may implement vaccination plans if the federal government does not do so. Deciding on five cases altogether, the court strengthened Brazilian federalism in the face of a federal government that remains largely inactive in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. Continue reading >>
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Der klinisch-ethische Fehlschluss
Das Kriterium der klinischen Erfolgsaussicht, auch Prognose genannt, ist in der Literatur über Zuteilungskriterien bei medizinischer Ressourcenknappheit seit langem präsent. In Deutschland haben Mediziner die Anwendung dieses Kriteriums im Kontext der aktuellen Pandemie in sogenannten klinisch-ethischen Empfehlungen angeraten. Die Verpflichtung, möglichst viele Patienten zu retten wird im Text als Selbstverständlichkeit präsentiert. Eine konsequente Priorisierung nach dem Kriterium der Erfolgsaussicht ist auf der Basis dieses Gebots jedoch nicht ableitbar. Unter bestimmten Umständen verlangt es vielmehr, von diesem Kriterium abzuweichen. Continue reading >>
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CJEU’s Independence in Question, Part IV
In her much awaited appeal before the European Court of Justice, AG Sharpston is asking the right questions, that the Vice-President of the Court of Justice clearly got her Orders very wrong, and attempted to silence to ousted AG Sharpston through an abuse of ex parte procedure brought by the Member States. Continue reading >>
22 December 2020
How to Quantify a Proportionate Financial Punishment in the New EU Rule of Law Mechanism?
The principle of a proportionate financial measure enshrined in the new EU rule of law mechanism should be informed by an improved EU Justice Scoreboard (EUJS) drawing on rule of law indices. Thereby, the sensitive matter of determining the amount could be supported also by quantitative data. This is important, because the Commission will face high political pressure when acting under the new rule of law mechanism. Continue reading >>
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Feuerwerksverbote in pandemischen Zeiten: Gefahrenabwehr & -vorsorge
Die in allen 16 Bundesländern verfügten Verbote, Feuerwerke zu verkaufen beziehungsweise abzubrennen stellen - entgegen ihrer Begründung - keine dem Infektionsschutz dienende Schutzmaßnahme dar. Sie entfachen vielmehr eine breite Palette an Problemen. Continue reading >>Ein Freund, ein guter Freund
Der Kompromiss mit den Regierungen Ungarns und Polens bezüglich des Rechtstaatsmechanismus hat eine Menge – berechtigter - Kritik erfahren. Das Appeasement von Regierungen, die gegen die Grundwerte der EU verstoßen, ist zwar in der Logik der Institutionen und des politischen Handelns in der EU tief verwurzelt. Aber die zahme deutsche Reaktion auf die Eskapaden der ungarischen Regierung hat durchaus strukturelle Gründe, die weit über die Logik der EU-Entscheidungsprozesse hinausgehen. Der perpetuierte Empörungsloop über das ungarische Regime in deutschen Feuilletons und Polit-Talkshows, an dem regelmäßig auch Regierungspolitiker teilnehmen, verbirgt die Realität: Nämlich, dass die deutsche Regierung, und vor allem die deutsche Wirtschaft, sich längst mit dem ungarischen Regime zum gegenseitigen Interesse und Nutzen arrangiert hat. Continue reading >>
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21 December 2020
Eigentumsrecht versus Schutz von Leben und Gesundheit
Die Grundregeln für den Infektionsschutz in der Pandemie sind: Abstand halten, Hände waschen und zu Hause bleiben. Für Menschen, die kein Zuhause haben, ist das aber gar nicht möglich. Der schon länger geführte Konflikt um das private Eigentumsrecht und die Wohnungskrise in den Städten verschränkt sich in der Corona-Pandemie mit dem Konflikt um einen gleichen Infektionsschutz. Verschiedene Beispiele zeigen, dass der Staat seinen Pflichten zum Schutz besonders vulnerabler Gruppen gegen das potentiell tödliche und gesundheitsschädigende Corona-Virus nicht ausreichend nachkommt. Continue reading >>Still Waters Run Deep
That lawsuits taken by a Hungarian human rights NGO can reach the CJEU swifter than those launched by the Commission is clear evidence that strategic litigation and determined advocacy can move mountains. At the same time, this is also a cause for great concern. It speaks volumes of the Commission’s reluctance to promptly and effectively go after a Member State that deliberately ignores and breaches EU law. Continue reading >>Staatshaftung im Lichte der Grundrechte
Mit seinem Urteil von 2016 war der BGH das erste Gericht, das staatshaftungsrechtliche Ansprüche beim Einsatz von Streitkräften im Ausland kategorisch und pauschal ausschloss. An der Herangehensweise und dem argumentativen Fundament des BGH-Urteils übt das BVerfG in einem letzte Woche veröffentlichten Beschluss nun deutliche Kritik. Continue reading >>
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Grundrechtseingriffe durch Online-Proctoring
Auch im zweiten „Pandemie-Semester“ stehen Universitäten bundesweit vor der Herausforderung, Studienleistungen ordnungsgemäß abnehmen zu können. Bei schriftlichen oder elektronischen Aufsichtsarbeiten müssen sie sicherstellen, dass an den heimischen Schreibtischen möglichst gleichartige Prüfungsbedingungenen herrschen. Aber nicht jede Prüfungstechnologie ist erstrebenswert oder rechtlich zulässig. Insbesondere der Einsatz vollautomatisierter Überwachungsprogramme hat schwere Grundrechtseingriffe zur Folge. Continue reading >>Constituent Power: A response to critics
Let me start by expressing my gratitude to the editors of the Verfassung blog and to the contributors to this debate. When I was writing the book, the very idea of it being read sent me into a panic. It still does today, but I am lucky to have found generous and insightful readers in Peter Niesen, Carlos Pérez Crespo, Markus Patberg and Esther Neuhann. Their comments raise both general methodological points and specific historical questions about the chapters. I will try to answer them in turn: I will first engage with the methodological critiques and I will then move to interpretative questions about the story I tell in the book, its protagonists and their historical contexts. The main aim of the book is, as I see it, to explain how the idea of constituent power has been used to make sense of the democratic principle according to which power belongs to the people. [...] Continue reading >>
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