29 January 2020
‘Urban Citizenship’ in a Multipolar World
On 23 January 2020, the government of the People’s Republic of China imposed a quarantine on the central Chinese city of Wuhan, population eleven million. Stephen Minas reinforces the cautionary trend in this debate over the merits and prospects of ‘urban citizenship’. Continue reading >>
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Urban Citizenship – a Status or a Practice?
Helmut Aust reflects on the role of law in this discourse. The answer one might give to the question of decoupling citizenship from the state would arguably also depend on one’s disciplinary perspective. It is easier to think outside of the box from the perspective of political theory, political philosophy, and history than it is from the perspective of the law. Continue reading >>
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28 January 2020
A Trial that Wasn’t, an Impact that Was
The handling of the Sadurski cases offers a pars pro toto picture of the dynamics, twists and (sub)plots in a slide to authoritarianism under our very eyes. It speaks for many other similar cases that do not benefit from equally intense coverage. It shows that what is at play in these politically motivated trials is a mixture of obfuscation, an attempt at a long-game strategy facilitated by unlimited resources (paid by the Polish taxpayer) and an expectation that international (scholarly and other) attention spans will break – and support will dwindle accordingly. Continue reading >>Urban Agglomeration, Constitutional Silence
Urban citizenship is a bold and intriguing idea, regardless of whether we envision it as an alternative or as a complement to extant models of state-based membership. However, this concept seems to be slightly off target in identifying the main issue of city under-representation, namely the constitutional non-existence of cities, and more generally, the great constitutional silence surrounding today’s extensive urbanization and the consequent rise of megacities. Continue reading >>
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Is it worth being a Rejtan?
The Rejtan's true gesture – to disagree if something is not consistent with my fundamental beliefs, is it just an act of useless despair? Today I think about it differently. Expressing one's opinion, thoughts, views, even if it does not bring directly any tangible, immediately visible result, it goes far beyond pure symbolism and translates into reality. I have tried to keep this in mind also in my public activity as a judge. Continue reading >>
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The Next Step: Coupling City-zenship to Human Rights
Should urban citizenship be emancipated from national citizenship? Barbara Oomen points at the international human rights framework for three reasons: (1) This is where local authorities are already looking for inspiration; (2) the legal framework of human rights offers an added value in meeting some of the underlying objectives of city-zenship; and (3) it could mitigate concerns legitimately raised in earlier contributions. Continue reading >>
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27 January 2020
The Hungarian “Lex NGO” before the CJEU: Calling an Abuse of State Power by its Name
On 14 January 2020, Advocate General Campos Sánchez-Bordona delivered his Opinion in Case C-78/18 on the restrictions incorporated into a 2017 Hungarian law on the financing of NGOs from abroad. He makes clear that Hungary’s “Lex NGO” not only restricts the free movement of capital but also violates several fundamental rights, and is therefore incompatible with EU law. Continue reading >>
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Local Citizenship Needs Local Sovereignty
What goes underexplored in Bauböck’s commentary is the relationship of citizenship to sovereignty. Alexander Aleinikoff claims urban citizenship is a useful concept only to the extent that urban areas possess legal authority—some form of sovereignty—to rule by and for themselves. Continue reading >>
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Climate Citizenship and the Rural/Urban Divide
Along with several other contributors to this Symposium (e.g., Hase and Lenard), Avigail Eisenberg is skeptical that enhancing urban democracy will help meet the global challenges we confront today. Continue reading >>
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26 January 2020
Mit Mut und Dogmatik die Luftreinhaltung gegen die öffentliche Hand durchsetzen
In seinem Beschluss vom 21. Januar 2020 findet das Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart Mut und dogmatische Lösungen, eine Zwangsvollstreckung gegen die öffentliche Hand zu verbessern (17 K 5255/19). Es bricht nicht nur mit der Praxis, die das Zwangsgeld letztlich in der öffentlichen Hand belässt, sondern schließt auch eine Zwangshaft gegen Amtsträger als ultima ratio nicht aus. Continue reading >>The Danger Zone: Charter Cities, Citizenship, and Social Justice
Urbanisation has radically transformed the way that people live, but a corresponding legal and political shift has not taken place. In North America and most of Europe, the power of cities is derived from the sovereignty of the state. Many cities do not have access to the revenue needed to provide for the social welfare and infrastructure requirements of residents. Continue reading >>
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What the Bremen Town Musicians Tell Us about Citizenship’s Potential
Contrary to what Warren Magnusson suggests, Luicy Pedroza finds that non-citizen local enfranchisement is highly important. Continue reading >>
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Polen, die EU und das Ende der Welt, wie wir sie kennen: ein Interview mit FRANZ MAYER
Was, wenn Polen den Konflikt mit der EU immer weiter eskaliert? Was, wenn die PiS-Regierung die vom EuGH gegebenenfalls verhängten Bußgelder einfach nicht bezahlt? Ein Gespräch über europäische Rechtsstaatlichkeitspolitik in extremis. Continue reading >>25 January 2020
The ‘Sunk Costs’ of Local Citizenship
The urban citizenship discussed in this Forum is not at all new in the Western world; it has a history of at least a thousand years, and when we include Ancient Athens, even much more. This history is relevant because it suggests the scope, as well as the limitations of such alternatives. Continue reading >>
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Local or Urban Citizenship?
In this contribution Johanna Hase highlights two aspects: First, she argues that the framing in terms of urban rather than local citizenship is not helpful, and possibly even counter-productive, for the purpose of constructing the new citizenship narrative. And second, she questions the relation between emancipating urban citizenship from nationality, on the one hand, and the growing competences of local polities, on the other hand. Continue reading >>
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24 January 2020
Aufsichtssache
Es ist nicht oft der Fall, dass sich alle im Bundestag vertretenen Parteien einig sind. Die zuerst in der Süddeutschen Zeitung verbreitete Nachricht, dass die Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit der Türkei ein Abkommen aushandelt, welches die Gründung dreier türkischer Schulen in Berlin, Köln und Frankfurt am Main ermöglichen soll, hat indes Vertreter*innen der Linken über die CDU bis hin zur AFD einhellig die Befürchtung äußern lassen, dass es in diesen Schulen zu einer ideologischen Indoktrination der Schüler*innen kommen könnte. Ein entsprechendes Abkommen wäre jedoch politisch klug und je nach Ausgestaltung würden türkische Auslandsschulen der Schulaufsicht in Bundesländern unterliegen. Continue reading >>
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Mean cities: the dark side of urban citizenship
Stadtluft macht frei, or city air makes you free, was a proverb in the Middle Ages. It referred to a legal principle according to which runaway serfs were to become free after living one year in a city. Today, many scholars suggest that urban citizenship still has powerful emancipatory effects. Continue reading >>
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From De Facto Urban Citizenship to Open Borders
I will take Rainer Bauböck's closing words as my point of departure and offer an answer that is less predictive and normative, and more empirical. I agree with his assertion that we need a robust urban citizenship. I would suggest that we already have some important examples of urban citizenship that challenge and complement national citizenship in crucial ways and it is important to shine a light on those examples to chart a course forward. Continue reading >>
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23 January 2020
EU Rule of Law Dialogues: Risks – in Context
On January 16, 2020 the European Parliament passed a resolution about the state of the Article 7(1) TEU hearings with Hungary and Poland, noting with concern that “the reports and statements by the Commission and international bodies, such as the UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe, indicate that the situation in both Poland and Hungary has deteriorated since the triggering of Article 7(1) of the TEU”. The resolution is a plea for a structured and more meaningful process in which each EU institution would exercise its existing powers in a meaningful and cooperative manner. The resolution emphasizes that the Article 7(1) TEU preventive process is one of risk assessment and one that may have actual – including budgetary – consequences. Continue reading >>
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CSUler in die Container? Oder wie man doch noch zu einem Bundestag mit 598 Abgeordneten kommen kann
Bundestagspräsident Wolfgang Schäuble ist vorerst mit seiner Arbeitsgruppe zur Reform des Wahlrechts gescheitert. Das könnte schon sehr bald zum Problem werden, denn ohne Wahlrechtsreform wird der begehrte Raum im Berliner Regierungsviertel bald knapp. Und so ist Schäubles Ankündigung, künftig Büro-Container aufstellen zu lassen ganz bestimmt nicht als reiner Scherz zu verstehen. Doch so weit muss es gar nicht kommen. Continue reading >>‘Zombie Urbanism’ and the Search for New Sources of Solidarity
How can ‘staged urbanism’ provide spaces of urban citizenship? Under what conditions can urban citizenship “contribute to overall democratic integration within and beyond nation-states”? Continue reading >>
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Urban Citizenship: A Path to Migrant Inclusion
Earlier commentaries in this online symposium highlighted various aspects of urban citizenship, such as the exclusion of non-urban populations (Lenard) or the conundrum of multilevel frames of legal authority (van Zeben). Harald Bauder suggests that urban citizenship can be an important mechanism to create inclusive communities. Continue reading >>
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Only a Court Established by Law Can Be an Independent Court
In A.K. and others, the European Court of Justice established a detailed method for assessing the independence (or lack thereof) of courts. The judicial independence test laid down by the ECJ, however, may not be entirely fit for the purpose of assessing the lawfulness of courts and judges which are established and appointed on the basis of flawed procedures by bodies arguably violating basic judicial independence requirements as established in EU law. The ECJ appears to limit the required verification under EU law to the issue of independence only. Instead, the reviewing body should, first, check whether the challenged court (judge) is “established by law” and only then, if necessary, follow up on the examination of its independence. Today the Polish Supreme Court has the opportunity to step up and give full effect to that criterion. Continue reading >>
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22 January 2020
Urban Citizenship is About Improving the City – not Just About Letting Foreigners Vote
In a way, the question of urban citizenship is easy. If a state were to give non-citizens citizenship rights with respect to local elections or urban affairs more generally, it would be fully within its powers to do so. As Rainer Bauböck and others have argued, there are many good reasons why a state might want to do so – and just as many reasons to protect the state’s authority to uphold the system of rights as a whole. That said, many issues remain. There is no consensus, and perhaps there never can be on the key terms at issue: state, nation, urban, and citizenship. Continue reading >>
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Lernfähige KI erfordert lernfähiges Polizeirecht
Der Einsatz von künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) im Sicherheitsbereich führt ein bekanntes Paradox vor Augen: Technische Hilfsmittel, die die öffentliche Sicherheit erhöhen sollen, können selbst zur Quelle der Unsicherheit werden und Freiheitsrechte gefährden. Ihr Einsatz muss daher rechtlich eingehegt werden. Dafür reichen weit gefasste Regelungen nicht aus, die neue technische Entwicklungen ohne weitere kritische Erwägungen mit abdecken. Ein technikoffenes Recht allein wird dem Einsatz von KI nicht gerecht. Das Recht muss angesichts des zunehmenden Einsatzes lernfähiger Systeme selbst verstärkt lernfähig werden. Continue reading >>
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What’s the Added Value of Legalising City-zenship?
Josephine van Zeben's response to Bauböck’s reflections on urban citizenship considers some legal implications of the postnational view that Bauböck finds most promising. Specifically, it questions how suited citizenship is – as a legal instrument – for accommodating the concerns raised in Bauböck’s contribution. Continue reading >>
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21 January 2020
Herrschaft über die Verfassung
Die Nachricht kam überraschend. Am Mittwoch unterbreitete der russische Präsident Putin in seiner jährlichen Botschaft an die Föderalversammlung einen Katalog von Vorschlägen zu einer Reform der Verfassung. Und nur fünf Tage später brachte Putin einen entsprechenden Änderungsvorschlag in die Duma ein. Die Änderungsvorschläge wirken aus verfassungsjuristischer Sicht widersprüchlich und kaum durchdacht. Obwohl die Bedeutung des Vorrangs der Verfassung in Putins Rede stark betont wird, zeugen die Ausführungen von einer Geringschätzung ihrer freiheitsschützenden Inhalte und wirken in Teilen gar „sarkastisch“. Continue reading >>
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Zur Korrekturdauer von Doktorarbeiten: ein Appell an die Dekane der rechtswissenschaftlichen Fakultäten in Deutschland
Die meisten rechtswissenschaftlichen Doktorarbeiten werden binnen weniger Monate korrigiert. Es [...] Continue reading >>Urban Citizenship Threatens Democratic Equality
It seems urgent that “urban citizenship” is properly characterised to understand not only the rights and responsibilities citizens of cities may well have, but also their grounding. I have no quarrel with this project. However, so far, accounts of urban citizenship – like Rainer Bauböck’s in the piece that launched this forum – do too little to consider the citizenship that is “left over” for those who do not, or cannot, move to cities. Continue reading >>
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City-zenship and national citizenship: complementary and competing but not emancipated from each other
Nir Barak deepens the ambivalence in Rainer Bauböck’s account of urban citizenship and suggests a skeptical but friendly critique towards notions of emancipating urban citizenship from nationality. The relationship between urban and national citizenship should not be seen as mutually exclusive; claims for enhancing city-zenship and decentralizing state power are warranted only insofar as they provide forward-thinking urban response to the decline in democratic participation and civic solidarity at national levels. Continue reading >>
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20 January 2020
The Return of Power-Sharing in Northern Ireland
After three years power-sharing government has returned to Northern Ireland following extensive discussions and the recent publication of a document by the British and Irish governments. It is a lengthy text containing many proposals, plans and initiatives; the relative incoherence is evidence of the conflicting challenges faced. At the core of the dilemma is how to encourage the representatives of the two main communities in Northern Ireland (nationalist-unionist) to share power once again. Continue reading >>“Gelenkte Demokratie” und der Protest der Gelenkten
Um Wahlkabinen-Fotos zu verbieten, bedarf es einer soliden gesetzlichen Grundlage. Das hat der Europäische Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte heute entschieden – in einem ungarischen Fall, der weit über diese Spezialfrage hinausweist. Continue reading >>Why the Turkish Constitutional Court’s Wikipedia Decision is No Reason to Celebrate
The Turkish Constitutional Court (TCC) recently lifted the ban on Wikipedia and a surge of, in my view, unwarranted optimism has now sprung out of nowhere both among international and Turkish circles following the case closely. I fail to share this optimism. By all means, the lifting of the ban on Wikipedia is something to be happy about. But the timing and content of the TCC’s decision, when especially read through the political context in which it was handed down, do not give much reason to celebrate. Continue reading >>
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Thinking Like a City, Thinking Like a State
The city is not only a "densely populated area of continuous settlement, which is organized as a single jurisdiction" (an often used formal definition of a city); the city is also a state of mind, a certain political and social consciousness. Continue reading >>
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Personal instead of Institutional Power
The gist of the constitutional reform suggestions in Russia is to cement the power of Vladimir Putin once he leaves the office, and to make this in a safe, controlled environment. The latter aim cannot be achieved within the boundaries established by the Constitution. Thus, the constitutional requirements are thrown into the litter bin of necessity. However, circumventing formal procedures still calls for a sort of justification. That is why the proposed plan relies on substitutes that would mask its deficiencies. Continue reading >>
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Cities vs States: Should Urban Citizenship be Emancipated from Nationality?
Since the first decade of the millennium – for the first time in human history – more people are living in urban areas than in rural ones. According to UN projections, in 2050 the share of urban populations could rise to more than two thirds of the world population. Will this demographic change also lead to a decline of nation-states and a rise of cities as the dominant arenas of politics, democracy and citizenship? Continue reading >>
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19 January 2020
Grundrechts-Mobile statt starrer Kompetenzschichten
Die Entscheidungen zum Recht auf Vergessen sind ein Befreiungsschlag zur institutionellen Selbstbehauptung, mit dem das BVerfG im Grundrechtsbereich gegen einen drohenden stillen Bedeutungsverlust ankämpft. Es ist aber auch der Versuch, bei der Formierung der gemeineuropäischen Grundrechtsarchitektur eine aktivere Rolle zu spielen. Institutionelle Konflikte sind hierbei vorprogrammiert. Continue reading >>Junqueras’ Immunity: An Example of Judicial Dialogue
There is no doubt that the criminal prosecution of the "Catalan question" is a stress test for Spanish Justice. One of the last episodes, now with a European dimension, has been the "euro-immunity" of Junqueras. And, in this respect, the political and journalistic readings of the judicial decisions issued by the Spanish Supreme Court and by the Court of Justice of the European Union emphasize the confrontation. However, in my modest opinion, I believe that these decisions are an example of dialogue between courts, necessary to manage the current pluralism where legal orders are intertwined without clear hierarchies. Continue reading >>17 January 2020
French Law is NOT a Model for the Polish Bill on Disciplining Judges
We, French legal academics and experts in French Law, reject the instrumentalization of French Law by the Polish Government Continue reading >>Ausgangspunkt ist das Gewaltverbot, nicht die Rechtfertigung
Das Gewaltverbot, ein Grundpfeiler des Völkerrechts, verbietet grundsätzlich die Anwendung von Gewalt gegen einen anderen Staat. Es ist zwingendes Recht. Nur ausnahmsweise ist der Einsatz von Gewalt gerechtfertigt. Schon aus diesem Grundsatz-Ausnahme-Verhältnis folgt, dass die USA die Gründe für eine Rechtfertigung selbst vorbringen müssten. Der bisherige Begründungsansatz der USA vermag diese Verstöße jedoch nicht hinreichend zu rechtfertigen. Continue reading >>Protecting All the Flags but Not the Freedom of Speech
According to news reports, Germany’s governing “grand coalition” now wants to extend protected status to the flags of other nations as well. Oddly enough, the Stars and Stripes might soon enjoy more protection in Germany than in the United States. It is not entirely clear what one should make of this curious possibility. It is rather clearer that, if the proposal becomes law, it likely won’t – and shouldn’t – survive judicial scrutiny. Continue reading >>
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16 January 2020
The Case of Mr. Junqueras is a Case of Respect of the Rule of Law
Mr. Junqueras was not an MEP nor had any immunity whatsoever when he was put on trial for a crime committed in Spain in accordance with Spanish law. When the trial was completely over, in June 2019, but before a sentence was given by the Court, Mr. Junqueras was elected to the European Parliament. And that was possible, precisely, because Spain being a most protective country, his presumption of innocence was still complete at that time. Continue reading >>Den Schritt in „finanzverfassungsrechtliches Neuland“ wagen
Ein zentraler Gegenstand des Klimapakets ist das als „CO2-Steuer“ bekannt gewordene Gesetz über ein nationales Emissionshandelssystem für Brennstoffemissionen (BEHG). Mehrere Gutachten stufen das BEHG als wenigstens verfassungsrechtlich bedenklich ein oder gehen sogar davon aus, dass es gegen die Finanzverfassung verstoße. Ganz so klar wie zuweilen dargestellt ist die verfassungsrechtliche Lage jedoch nicht und es gibt gute Gründe, die dafürsprechen, dass das BEHG verfassungskonform sein könnte. Continue reading >>15 January 2020
Doch noch ein Verfassungsreferendum in Italien
Die Verkleinerung des italienischen Parlaments wurde im vergangen Oktober beschlossen, jedoch haben sich knapp vor Ablauf der Frist genügend Parlamentarier zusammengeschlossen, um die Entscheidung doch dem Wahlvolk durch ein Verfassungsreferendum zu überlassen. Die traditionelle Scheu der italienischen Wähler vor Verfassungsänderungen dürfte diesmal durch eine Annahme dieses „Reförmchens“ höchstwahrscheinlich überwunden werden. Nichtdestotrotz bestätigt das Vorgehen die Richtigkeit einer Verfassungsbestimmung, die für konstitutionelle Novellierungen einen breiten Konsens vorsieht, damit die Verfassung nicht Spielball der Tagespolitik wird. Continue reading >>
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Spain has a Problem with its Judiciary
According to the EU Justice Scoreboard of 2019 Spain is among the four EU countries with the worst perception about judicial independence among its citizens. The survey shows a trend that isn’t stopping: the perception about partiality of the judiciary is growing dangerously in the Spanish society. Causes are to be found in three elements: the political situation in the country; the shortcomings in the regulations on judiciary; the behavior of the judges themselves. Continue reading >>1460 Days Later: Rule of Law in Poland R.I.P. (Part II)
Writing a year ago, we warned that the situation in Poland “has deteriorated further to the point of threatening the functioning of the whole EU legal order and therefore, the future of the EU’s internal market itself.” This is no longer a mere threat but a clear and present danger. Stalling for time would be irresponsible. On current trajectory, it is only a matter of time before Poland’s rule of law default eventually triggers a knock-on process of legal disintegration. Continue reading >>14 January 2020
Das deutsche Ohr im globalen Kommunikationsstrom
Wenn eine Syrerin mit einer Syrerin in Syrien telefoniert und von deutschen Sicherheitsbehörden dabei abgehört wird – kann sie sich dann auf das deutsche Grundgesetz berufen? Unter den vielen Grundsatzfragen, die bei der heutigen Verhandlung vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht zum Thema BND-Gesetz diskutiert wurden, war diese wohl die grundsätzlichste. Und so viel wird man nach dem Verlauf der Verhandlung sagen können: Dass die Antwort, so wie sie die Bundesregierung und die Überwachungspraxis derzeit gibt, im Großen und Ganzen schlankwegs Nein bleiben wird, ist nach den kritischen Rückfragen vieler Richter_innen des Ersten Senats zu schließen eher unwahrscheinlich. Continue reading >>The Junqueras Saga Continues
Notwithstanding the clear message from the ECJ, the Spanish Supreme Court has decided that the Catalan separatist leader and MEP Oriol Junqueras will not be released from prison. The contradiction between the logic of the ECJ’s judgment of December 2019 and the decision of the Spanish Supreme Court of 8 January 2020 forms a new challenge for the EU legal order, in the sense that it puts the relationship between EU law and Spanish national law under strain. Continue reading >>13 January 2020
Kashmir: A Prologue to a Farce or a Tragedy
On 10 January 2020, the Indian Supreme Court delivered its verdict on the ongoing internet shutdown in Kashmir. While the Court did reprimand the government to some extent, at the time of this writing Kashmir is still cut off from the internet. Anyone who had banked on the Supreme Court to make good on the promise of fundamental rights will be disheartened. Continue reading >>
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