Verschleierte Freiheit der Advokatur
Aus deutscher Perspektive ist es immer wieder erstaunlich, wie weitreichend der französische Gesetzgeber oder die Verwaltung als religiös empfundene Verhaltensweisen im Alltag regulieren. Dies betrifft neben der Ernährung in Kindergärten und Schulen vor allem auch die Kleidung von Privatpersonen. Derart weitreichende Vorschriften und Debatten erscheinen aus deutscher Sicht schwer vorstellbar, trotz auch hier bekannter Diskussionen im Arbeits-, Schul- und Beamten- und Richterdienstrecht. Der vorliegende Beitrag rückt eine Entwicklung im französischen anwaltlichen Berufsrecht in den Fokus und ordnet diese vergleichend deutsch-französisch ein.
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Sex Workers in Strassburg
A few years ago, France banned buying sex. In M.A. and Others v. France the European Court on Human Rights (ECtHR) now held that a motion of sex workers against that ban is admissible. The Court did not rule on the merits at this stage – this will follow in a subsequent judgement. Nevertheless, this admissibility decision marks a milestone as, for the first time, the Court will examine whether a sex purchase ban violates the rights of sex workers as guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights. The ruling appears eagerly anticipated due to its legal precedent within Member States that have passed similar legislation.
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Strong on Hate Speech, Too Strict on Political Debate
Online hate speech is a topic that has gained importance in recent years. The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) made an important ruling in this context on 15 May 2023 in Sanchez v. France. From a democratic theory and individual rights’ perspective, I would endorse the first decision because it tackles the so-called “silencing” and “desensitization effect” of hate speech. The second decision, however, runs the risk of adversely affecting free political debate, especially when individual politicians are called upon to delete comments by third parties.
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Gewaltenteilung vor Klimaschutz
Nach ihrem Pyrrhussieg in Sachen Rentenreform wurde der französischen Regierung Ende letzter Woche vom Verfassungsrat erneut der Rücken gestärkt. Anlass war ein Gesetzesentwurf zur Aufstockung des Militärbudgets als französische Reaktion auf den russischen Angriffskrieg. Verfassungsrechtlich ging es dabei um die Frage, wie intensiv Gesetzesfolgenabschätzungen gerichtlich zu kontrollieren sind. Ein Blick nach Paris lohnt sich auch vor dem Hintergrund des deutschen Bestrebens, einen „Klimacheck“ für Gesetze einzuführen, welcher vor ähnlichen verfassungsrechtlichen Schwierigkeiten stehen dürfte.
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A Conservative Constitutional Council Watching over a Conservative Constitution
On 14 April 2023, the French Constitutional Council handed down its decisions on the constitutionality of the controversial pension reform and on the referendum that was supposed to stop it. In substance, the decisions were met with little surprise. What is noteworthy about them, however, is something else: Both decisions are excellent indicators of the profoundly conservative nature of the French Constitution and of the judges watching over its observance.
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Die Renten- als Demokratiedebatte
Am Freitag hat der französische Verfassungsrat die Rentennovelle der Borne-Regierung im Wesentlichen nach präventiver Normenkontrolle bestätigt und die Initiative der linken Opposition zu einem Referendum („RIP“) über das Rentenalter verworfen. Die Entscheidungen sind juristisch so erwart- wie politisch kritisierbar und werfen mehrere grundsätzliche Fragen auf, die die Zukunft der französischen konstitutionellen Demokratie betreffen.
Continue reading >>Corporate Duty of Vigilance and Environment
On February 23, 2023, French bank BNP Paribas was sued before the civil tribunal in Paris for having allegedly breached its environmental duty of vigilance. In particular, deficiencies in the vigilance plan related to the allocation fundraising activities are criticized. This climate litigation, involving a French bank for the first time, could increase the liability of financial protagonists in the fight against climate change if it succeeded. Nevertheless, one may doubt that the case against BNP Paribas will prove to be successful, as previous ones – which had been introduced under the 2017 law of vigilance (LdV) – are all either pending or unsuccessful.
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Constitutional? Perhaps. Democratic? Not so much
The adoption of the Law on Retirement without a majority in the National Assembly has caused a huge uproar in France. The use by the executive of an article or two of the Constitution, as well as the combination thereof, is deemed constitutional until a competent organ says otherwise. And the only one who could, the Constitutional Council, will probably not say otherwise. But even if something is constitutional, that does not make it democratic. A look into the justifications given by the head of State and the head of Government stirs reflection on the relationship between the constitutional and democratic character of the proceedings.
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Big Brother is Watching the Olympic Games – and Everything Else in Public Spaces
The French National Assembly is currently debating the law on the 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Despite its name, the law has more to do with security than with sports. In particular, Article 7 of the law creates a legal basis for algorithmic video surveillance, that is, video surveillance that relies on artificial intelligence to treat the images and audio of video surveillance cameras in order to identify human beings, objects, or specific situations. In other words, video surveillance cameras in France’s public spaces would now able to identify you and detect if your behaviour is suspicious.
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Inter* Personen im menschenrechtlichen Warteraum
Bei Fällen aus dem LGBTIQ*-Themenkreis vor dem Europäischen Gerichtshof für Menschenrechte (EGMR) lässt sich ein gewisses Muster erkennen: In dem jeweils ersten Beschwerdefall (sei es das Adoptionsrecht für homosexuelle Personen, sei es die Frage der Anerkennung der Geschlechtsidentität von trans* Personen), erkennt der EGMR zunächst keine Verletzung eines Konventionsrechts an. Häufig erklärt er aber auch, dass diese Einschätzung sich ändern kann. So könnte es auch bei der Frage des Personenstatus von inter* Personen kommen.
Continue reading >>Letting Human Rights Wait in Syrian Camps
Recently, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights handed down its decision about the repatriation of Daesh-involved family members of French citizens. The judgment has been widely commented on in the French and international press. The overall impression that emerged was that of a victory for the applicants and a clear denunciation of French policy regarding the general non-repatriation of French children and their mothers encamped in north-eastern Syria. Reality is, however, very different. In fact, the Court’s decision is very measured. In many respects, it does (too) little and comes (too) late.
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Terra Incognita for the Fifth French Republic
Undoubtedly, 19 June 2022 will make a mark in the history of the Fifth Republic. Not only did it mark the end of the “absolute majority” of the re-elected President’s party in the Chamber of Deputies, but it also brought about an upheaval in the political and institutional habits in force since 1958. One might be inclined to think that this new configuration will be favorable to dialogue and cooperation between the institutions of the Fifth Republic. One might even assume that the National Assembly, now composed of multiple political forces, will once again be a place for debate. June 2022 will certainly have sounded the death knell of French “presidentialism”, but the concomitant advent of such a divided Assembly will perhaps not favor the emergence of a renewed parliamentarism.
Continue reading >>Ein Riss in zementierten Ansichten
Am 18. Mai 2022 hat die Berufungsinstanz Cour d‘appel de Paris ein u.a. wegen Beihilfe an Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und dem Vorwurf der Terrorismusfinanzierung eingeleitetes Strafverfahren gegen das Zementunternehmen Lafarge SA bestätigt. Der Umgang der französischen Justiz mit dem „Fall Lafarge“ könnte einen Wendepunkt bei der Adressierung von Kriegsökonomie markieren. Das Unternehmen „an sich“, das durch seine Anerkennung im Recht, seine Einbindung in den Markt und seine Eingliederung in gesellschaftliche Wirkungszusammenhänge längst als „corporate citizen“ in der gesellschaftlichen Realität angekommen ist, wird hier in einem starken Sinne zur Verantwortung gezogen.
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The French Constitutional Council’s Problem with Impartiality
If only one example was needed to show the oligarchic nature of the French political system and the limited power of civil society, the game of musical chairs that was played between the Government and the Constitutional Council in the decision “Association La Sphinx” would be perfect. Two ministers directly involved in the drafting of the challenged policy were also judging the constitutionality of the legislative provisions they themselves brought forward. The Constitutional Council’s rules of procedure dismiss impartiality concerns in such cases. This management of conflicts of interests in this court is unacceptable.
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Das andere Erbe
Die Anschläge vom 11. September 2001 lösten eine neue Praxis und ein neues Interesse an Notstandsbefugnissen aus. Zweifellos waren die Vereinigten Staaten Vorreiter bei ihrer verstärkten Ausübung, aber Frankreich ist ein sehr interessantes Beispiel für die vielen Fragen und Herausforderungen, die die Normalisierung des Ausnahmezustands mit sich bringen. Denn Frankreich wird seit mehr als der Hälfte der Zeit, die seit den Anschlägen vom 13. November 2015 verstrichen ist, unter verschiedenen Ausnahmezuständen regiert.
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The other legacy
The 9/11 attacks triggered a new practice of and renewed interest in emergency powers. Without doubt, the United States were at the forefront of the enhanced exercise of such powers, but France is a very interesting example of the many issues and challenges raised by states of emergencies' normalization. France has been governed under a state of emergency for more than half of the time that has elapsed since the attacks of 13 November 2015.
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A Court With Powerless Judges
The new appointments of judges to the French Constitutional Council, I described in an earlier post this week, are certainly important but also less decisive than one might think. The structure and the functioning of the Court are built to minimize the power of its judges. The real decisions are made by the legal department of the Court’s administration.
Continue reading >>A Male, White and Conservative Constitutional Judge
In February and March 2022, three new members have been appointed to the French Conseil constitutionnel. A closer look at the new composition shows that France’s constitutional court is composed of a majority of male, white, elitist graduates with a right-wing tilt, drawn from the ranks of politicians and civil servants. In a broader sense, it is actually a good portrait of the current French political system, which seems to resemble some kind of oligarchy.
Continue reading >>Es geht um die Demokratie
Der Präsident ist im französischen Verfassungssystem der V. Republik von 1958 das zentrale Verfassungsorgan. Doch ob und wie das so bleiben wird, ist in diesem Jahr aber noch offen. Nach der Parlamentswahl, die im Juni auf die Präsidentschaftswahl folgen wird, könnte der Reformbedarf des Wahl- und des politischen Systems unabweisbar werden. Und zwar unabhängig davon, ob Macron oder Le Pen gewinnt.
Continue reading >>Is Berlin’s Overdue Defence Policy Adjustment Also a “Game Changer” for Franco-German Relations?
What does the “paradigm shift” (Zeitenwende) – as Chancellor Olaf Scholz called the readjustment of German security and defence policy – mean for the Franco-German couple? Relations between Paris and Berlin had cooled down in recent years, particularly in relation to security and defence dossiers. Can we now expect that the ice between the two countries will melt? By no means. Even though Germany has sent a first signal that it no longer wants to close its eyes to the geopolitical realities of the 21st century, a number of touchy security and defence issues remain on the table.
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How Emmanuel Macron’s Quest for Efficiency Undermines French Democracy
Emmanuel Macron presented his program for the next presidential election on Thursday, March 17. He plans to relaunch his major reform of the institutions to make them work more efficiently and reaffirmed his desire to have a “strong executive power”, that is, a President who is not encumbered by too many counterweights. This concern for efficiency is a clear sign of impatience with the democratic process. By letting the executive power decide alone, the whole balance of powers could be affected.
Continue reading >>Terror-Struck
The threat created by jihadist terrorism for freedom of expression is a particularly serious one in that it operates on several levels. It provides an incentive to sacrifice freedom of expression to the fight against terrorism, it impels people to avoid forms of expression that the killers condemn, and it provides political actors with an effective pretext for silencing or censuring certain voices. Genuinely defending this freedom means not giving ground on any of these fronts.
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What is Low isn’t Free
Emmanuel Macron’s proposition to raise university tuition fees in France was met with much criticism, including that it would be unconstitutional. Yet, French case law is not very clear on this point. A recent decision of the highest administrative court, the Conseil d’Etat, opens a path for the government to dramatically increase tuition fees. That decision effectively amounted to overturning a landmark preliminary ruling of the French constitutional court, the Conseil Constitutionnel.
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Rubinhochzeit zwischen Rechtsstaat und Sanktionensystem
Frankreich feiert dieser Tage die 40-jährige Abschaffung der Todesstrafe. Am 18. September 1981 wurde die loi n°310 portant abolition de la peine de mort mit 363 Parlamentarier-Stimmen gegen 117 angenommen. Am 9. Oktober 1981 trat das Gesetz in Kraft – seit 2007 hat die Abschaffung der Todesstrafe Verfassungsrang. Man könnte der Auffassung sein, dass es zur Feier einer französischen Rubinhochzeit zwischen Rechtsstaat und Sanktionensystem zumindest für den deutschen Diskurs keinen allzu großen Anlass gibt. Die Todesstrafe ist tabu – oder?
Continue reading >>Lessons from the French Citizens’ Climate Convention
On July 6, the French Prime Minister announced that the government was abandoning the bill to enshrine in the Constitution the preservation of the environment. He invoked the Senate's inertia to justify renouncing the bill, which needed to be adopted in the same terms by the two houses of parliament. The climate referendum that had been announced by the President of the Republic in December 2020 was thus abandoned. The decision was not a surprise, as many doubted the political feasibility or the actual willingness to implement it.
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